Public health priorities in Wales

Blaenoriaethau iechyd y cyhoedd

Healthy Lifestyle

Health promotion addresses and supports the prevention of ill health without focusing on a treatment or cure. It allows for individuals to increase control over their health through social and environmental interventions.

Public Health Wales is an NHS organisation whose purpose is to protect and improve health and well-being and reduce health inequalities. The organisation is striving to achieve a healthier future for Wales.

They report that the current health priorities include:

  • influencing the wider determinants of health
  • improving mental well-being and resilience
  • promoting healthy behaviour
  • securing a healthy future for the next generation
  • protecting the public from infection and environmental threats to health
  • supporting the development of a sustainable health and care system focussed on prevention and early intervention
  • building and mobilising knowledge and skills to improve health and well-being across Wales.

There is a relationship between public health priorities in Wales and the following:

  • Personal responsibility - Individuals in Wales have a personal responsibility to make their own lifestyle change. Health workers have a personal responsibility to role model healthy behaviours.
  • Accountability – Health services are accountable to promote and support healthy lifestyle and behaviour changes. They are accountable in exploring health harming trends and develop achievable action plans which can reduce ill health associated with the health harming behaviour.
  • Availability and provision of information – An identified public health priority has readily available information and is promoted publically.

Health Promotion Campaigns

Health promotion campaigns raise awareness of targeted health issues and encourage individuals to seek information and services. Through an increase of knowledge, individuals over time can change their attitudes towards the targeted health issue. Long term, particularly when a health promotion programme or intervention is offered, individuals can be supported to change their behaviour.

As health promotion is aimed to raise awareness about a specific health outcome, campaigns may need to be adopted depending on the community’s needs.

Campaigns are developed to target specific preventable health issues which are causing the population harm, ill health and mortality. Public Health Wales have a number of active campaigns including: reducing smoking prevalence, increasing physical activity, promoting healthy weight and preventing harm through behaviours such as substance misuse.

Where to source advice, support and guidance on health promotion

  • Public Health (Wales) Act 2017
  • Donald Acheson Report 1998
  • Prosperity for All 2017 (Welsh Government strategy)
  • NHS planning framework for Wales 2017/18
  • Health and Care Standards (2015)
  • Chief Medical Officer for Wales annual report
  • Public Health Wales 10-year strategy and Integrated Medium-Term Plan
  • Primary Care Strategy for Wales
  • Health and Sustainable Preschool Scheme.

Health harming behaviours

Health harming behaviours are behaviours which can lead to premature ill health and increase risk of disease such as smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, low levels of exercise and unsafe sexual behaviour.

Methods that can be used to support individuals and/or their families/carers to understand the implications of health harming behaviors, the benefits of making lifestyle changes, and to encourage individuals to take personal responsibility include:

  • behaviour change conversations
  • health promotion campaigns
  • health promotion programmes
  • health promotion interventions
  • goal setting
  • working in collaboration to develop a co-productive approach.

Realistic changes to lifestyle

Realistic changes to lifestyle are small changes which can have a positive impact on one’s own health. For example, increasing physical activity, healthy eating, reduction or abstinence from tobacco and alcohol.

Achieving realistic lifestyle changes are dependent on the personal circumstances of the individual and/or their families/ carers due to a number of factors including motivation to change, accessibility, finances, social contradictions, ability to engage in physical activity and access to healthier food options.

Methods that can be used to motivate behaviour change

  • behaviour change models such as motivational interviewing
  • making every contact count and engage in health promotion conversations
  • acknowledgement and reinforcement
  • health promotion campaigns
  • role modelling.

Role modelling

A role model is an individual who is looked up to, whose behaviour is imitated. Being a role model in health promotion means being an exemplar of a healthy individual and campaigning health and well-being so that healthy behaviours can be imitated. Personal attributes of a role model include being a caring, non-judgemental, inspiring, trustworthy, self-caring and knowledgeable individual.

How to access additional advice, information and support for health promotion

Public Health Wales: http://bit.ly/30hJrUk

World Health Organisation: http://bit.ly/300tvWd

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: http://bit.ly/2Mdnbr6

Mae hybu iechyd yn ymwneud ag atal salwch heb ganolbwyntio ar driniaeth na gwellhad ac yn cefnogi'r broses honno. Mae'n galluogi unigolion i gynyddu eu rheolaeth dros eu hiechyd drwy ymyriadau cymdeithasol ac amgylcheddol.

Mae Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru yn un o sefydliadau'r GIG a'i ddiben yw diogelu a gwella iechyd a lles a lleihau anghydraddoldebau iechyd. Mae'r sefydliad yn anelu at sicrhau dyfodol iachach i Gymru.

Ar hyn o bryd, mae ei flaenoriaethau o ran iechyd yn cynnwys y canlynol:

  • dylanwadu ar benderfynyddion ehangach iechyd
  • gwella llesiant meddyliol a gwydnwch
  • hyrwyddo ymddygiad iach
  • sicrhau dyfodol iach ar gyfer y genhedlaeth nesaf
  • diogelu'r cyhoedd rhag heintiau a bygythiadau amgylcheddol i iechyd
  • cefnogi gwaith i ddatblygu system iechyd a gofal gynaliadwy sy'n canolbwyntio ar atal ac ymyrryd yn gynnar
  • meithrin a defnyddio gwybodaeth a sgiliau i wella iechyd a llesiant ledled Cymru.

Mae perthynas rhwng blaenoriaethau iechyd y cyhoedd yng Nghymru a'r canlynol:

  • Cyfrifoldeb personol - Mae gan unigolion yng Nghymru gyfrifoldeb personol i newid eu ffordd o fyw. Mae gan weithwyr iechyd gyfrifoldeb personol i fodelu ymddygiadau iach.
  • Atebolrwydd – Mae gwasanaethau iechyd yn atebol am hybu a chefnogi ffyrdd iach o fyw a newidiadau mewn ymddygiad. Maent yn atebol am ystyried tueddiadau sy'n niweidiol i iechyd ac am ddatblygu cynlluniau gweithredu y gellir eu cyflawni a all leihau achosion o salwch sy'n gysylltiedig ag ymddygiad sy'n niweidiol i iechyd.
  • Y wybodaeth sydd ar gael a sut y caiff ei darparu – Mae gan flaenoriaeth iechyd y cyhoedd benodol wybodaeth hygyrch a chaiff ei hybu'n gyhoeddus.

Ymgyrchoedd Hybu Iechyd

Mae ymgyrchoedd hybu iechyd yn codi ymwybyddiaeth o broblemau iechyd wedi'u targedu ac yn annog unigolion i chwilio am wybodaeth a chael gafael ar wasanaethau. Drwy gynyddu eu gwybodaeth, dros amser gall unigolion newid eu hagweddau tuag at y mater iechyd wedi'i dargedu. Yn yr hirdymor, yn enwedig pan gaiff rhaglen neu ymyrraeth hybu iechyd ei chynnig, gellir helpu unigolion i newid eu hymddygiad.

Nod hybu iechyd yw codi ymwybyddiaeth o ganlyniad iechyd penodol, felly, mae'n bosibl y bydd angen mabwysiadu ymgyrchoedd gan ddibynnu ar anghenion y gymuned.

Caiff ymgyrchoedd eu datblygu i dargedu problemau iechyd penodol y gellir eu hatal sy'n achosi niwed, salwch a marwolaethau ymhlith y boblogaeth. Mae nifer o ymgyrchoedd ar waith gan Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru, gan gynnwys: lleihau nifer yr unigolion sy'n ysmygu, cynyddu gweithgarwch corfforol, hybu pwysau iach ac atal niwed drwy ymddygiad megis camddefnyddio sylweddau.

Ble i gael cyngor, cymorth ac arweiniad ar hybu iechyd

  • Deddf Iechyd y Cyhoedd (Cymru) 2017
  • Adroddiad Donald Acheson 1998
  • Ffyniant i Bawb 2017 (strategaeth Llywodraeth Cymru)
  • Fframwaith cynllunio'r GIG i Gymru 2017/18
  • Safonau Iechyd a Gofal (2015)
  • Adroddiad blynyddol Prif Swyddog Meddygol Cymru
  • Strategaeth 10 mlynedd a Chynllun Tymor Canolig Integredig Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru
  • Strategaeth Gofal Sylfaenol Cymru
  • Y Cynllun Cyn-Ysgol Iach a Chynaliadwy.

Ymddygiadau sy'n niweidiol i iechyd

Gall ymddygiadau sy'n niweidiol i iechyd arwain at achosion o salwch cynamserol a chynyddu'r risg o afiechydon megis ysmygu, defnyddio alcohol, deiet gwael, lefelau isel o ymarfer corff ac ymddygiad rhywiol anniogel.

Mae'r dulliau y gellir eu defnyddio i helpu unigolion a/neu eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr i ddeall goblygiadau ymddygiadau sy'n niweidiol i iechyd a buddiannau newid eu ffordd o fyw ac i annog unigolion i gymryd cyfrifoldeb personol yn cynnwys y canlynol:

  • sgyrsiau am newid ymddygiad
  • ymgyrchoedd hybu iechyd
  • rhaglenni hybu iechyd
  • ymyriadau hybu iechyd
  • gosod nodau
  • cydweithio er mwyn datblygu dull gweithredu cydgynhyrchiol.

Newidiadau realistig i ffordd o fyw unigolion

Mae newidiadau realistig i ffordd o fyw unigolion yn newidiadau bach a all gael effaith gadarnhaol ar iechyd yr unigolyn hwnnw. Er enghraifft, cynyddu gweithgarwch corfforol, bwyta'n iach, gostwng lefelau tybaco neu alcohol neu roi'r gorau iddynt.

Mae cyflawni newidiadau realistig i ffordd o fyw unigolion yn dibynnu ar amgylchiadau personol yr unigolyn a/neu ei deulu/gofalwyr o ganlyniad i nifer o ffactorau, gan gynnwys cymhelliant i newid, hygyrchedd, cyllid, anghysondebau cymdeithasol, y gallu i gymryd rhan mewn gweithgarwch corfforol a'r gallu i fanteisio ar opsiynau bwyta'n iachach.

Dulliau y gellir eu defnyddio i gymell unigolion i newid eu hymddygiad

  • modelau newid ymddygiad megis cyfweliadau cymhellol
  • sicrhau bod pob cysylltiad yn cyfrif a chymryd rhan mewn sgyrsiau hybu iechyd
  • cydnabod ac atgyfnerthu
  • ymgyrchoedd hybu iechyd
  • modelau rôl.

Modelau rôl

Mae model rôl yn unigolyn y mae pobl yn ei barchu ac y caiff ei ymddygiad ei efelychu. Ystyr bod yn fodel rôl ym maes hybu iechyd yw bod yn esiampl o unigolyn iach ac ymgyrchu ym maes iechyd a lles er mwyn gallu efelychu ymddygiad iach. Mae nodweddion personol model rôl yn cynnwys bod yn unigolyn gofalgar, nad yw'n barnu, ysbrydoledig, dibynadwy, hunanofalgar a gwybodus.

Sut i gael gafael ar gyngor, gwybodaeth a chymorth ychwanegol er mwyn hybu iechyd

Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru: http://bit.ly/2Zaaaos

Sefydliad Iechyd y Byd: http://bit.ly/300tvWd

Y Sefydliad Cenedlaethol dros Ragoriaeth mewn Iechyd a Gofal: http://bit.ly/2Mdnbr6

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Health Promotion

Hybu Iechyd

People running

Support individuals and/or their families/carers to understand the implications of health harming behaviour and promote the benefits of healthy living

This can be achieved through the following examples:

  • role modelling
  • acknowledgement and reinforcement
  • behaviour change conversations
  • health promotion campaigns
  • health promotion programmes
  • health promotion interventions
  • goal setting
  • working in collaboration to develop a co-productive approach.

Assist individuals and/or their families/carers to identify realistic opportunities to change their lifestyle

By supporting individuals to identify realistic opportunities to change their lifestyle you are supporting a healthier Wales. Achieving realistic lifestyle changes are dependent on the personal circumstances of the individual and/or their families/ carers due to a number of factors including motivation to change, accessibility, finances, social contradictions, ability to engage in physical activity, disease and access to healthier food options. Therefore, these aspects need to be considered to ensure the opportunity can be realistically achieved by the individual.

Support individuals and/or their families/carers to develop a plan to improve health outcomes

The plan needs to be realistic, achievable and attainable. It needs to be developed co-productively and targeting a specific health outcome that the individual wants to achieve which can overall improve their health and well-being.

Acknowledge and positively reinforce the efforts of individuals and/or their families/carers to change

Acknowledgement and reinforcement of the efforts individuals have made to change provides motivation leading to behaviour changes.

Support individuals and/or their families/carers to review and evaluate their lifestyle changes

To enhance the behaviour change, individuals should be encouraged to keep track of their changes. This can be achieved through support of technology applications on smart phones (such as stop smoking apps), weight records, food diaries, exercise plans. Goals should be set in collaboration with the individual so that the outcomes of the lifestyle change can be reviewed and evaluated.

Helpu unigolion a/neu eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr i ddeall goblygiadau ymddygiad sy'n niweidiol i iechyd a hybu buddiannau bywyd iach

Gellir cyflawni hyn drwy'r enghreifftiau canlynol:

  • modelau rôl
  • cydnabod ac atgyfnerthu
  • sgyrsiau am newid ymddygiad
  • ymgyrchoedd hybu iechyd
  • rhaglenni hybu iechyd
  • ymyriadau hybu iechyd
  • gosod nodau
  • cydweithio er mwyn datblygu dull gweithredu cydgynhyrchiol.

Helpu unigolion a/neu eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr i nodi cyfleoedd realistig i newid eu ffordd o fyw

Drwy helpu unigolion i nodi cyfleoedd realistig i newid eu ffordd o fyw, rydych yn helpu i greu Cymru iachach. Mae cyflawni newidiadau realistig i'w ffordd o fyw yn dibynnu ar amgylchiadau personol yr unigolyn a/neu ei deulu/gofalwyr o ganlyniad i nifer o ffactorau, gan gynnwys cymhelliant i newid, hygyrchedd, cyllid, anghysondebau cymdeithasol, y gallu i gymryd rhan mewn gweithgarwch corfforol, afiechydon a'r gallu i fanteisio ar opsiynau bwyta'n iachach. Felly, mae angen ystyried yr agweddau hyn er mwyn sicrhau bod cyfle realistig y gall yr unigolyn gyflawni'r newidiadau.

Helpu unigolion a/neu eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr i ddatblygu cynllun er mwyn gwella canlyniadau iechyd

Mae angen i'r cynllun fod yn realistig, yn gyflawnadwy ac yn gyraeddadwy. Mae angen ei ddatblygu mewn ffordd gydgynhyrchiol a chan dargedu canlyniad iechyd penodol y mae'r unigolyn am ei gyflawni a all wella ei iechyd a'i les cyffredinol.

Cydnabod ymdrechion unigolion a/neu eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr i newid a'u hatgyfnerthu'n gadarnhaol

Mae cydnabod ac atgyfnerthu ymdrechion unigolion i newid yn darparu cymhelliant gan arwain at newidiadau mewn ymddygiad.

Helpu unigolion a/neu eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr i adolygu a gwerthuso'r newidiadau i'w ffordd o fyw

Er mwyn gwella'r newid mewn ymddygiad, dylid annog unigolion i gofnodi eu newidiadau. Gellir gwneud hyn drwy ddefnyddio rhaglenni technolegol ar ffonau deallus (fel apiau ar gyfer rhoi'r gorau i ysmygu), cofnodion pwysau, dyddiaduron bwyd, cynlluniau ymarfer corff. Dylid gosod nodau hefyd ar y cyd â'r unigolyn er mwyn gallu adolygu a gwerthuso canlyniadau'r newid i'w ffordd o fyw.

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