There is a wide range of provision and services available to support 2-3 year olds; some at home and others in clinics and hospitals.
Qualified nurses who have studied further and have experience of midwifery. They mostly work in the community, with children up to 5 years old, and their families. Ensuring that children have the best possible start in life is an important part of the health visitor's work. In partnership with parents, health visitors will assess:
Health visitors work alongside school nurses, doctors, social workers and other health professionals. They work from homes, clinics or surgeries.
The health visitor's role is to:
Health visitors have an essential role in working with other organisations to safeguard and protect babies and children. They are trained to identify risk factors, causes of concern, and any signs of abuse or neglect with regard to children. Health visitors usually recognise when a child is in danger of harm, understand what action to take and what needs to be done to safeguard that child. They also ensure that families receive the best possible support as part of formal safeguarding arrangements.
They provide support for families with children who have complex needs. This support enhances parenting competence, adults' competence for work as well as children's educational attendance. The family support worker also works with parents or carers at home or in groups. They often work after ordinary working hours in order to increase the skills, confidence and ability of all family members to enable them to lead positive and safe lives.
Family assessment provides an opportunity to get to know the whole family better. This assessment helps to decide the best type of support or service for the child and their family. A discussion will be held on how the family is coping with everyday life, what are their concerns and how is the child developing in general. In addition, there will be a discussion on the child's health and development and how they are coping at nursery or at school.
This team works closely with families with young children and other agencies to identify problems at an early stage, make changes for the better, and try to prevent problems that could lead to something more serious.
A co-ordinator will work with a family to:
They provide bespoke dietary advice to individuals, including babies, children and adults. When adapting and making dietary changes, dieticians seek to prevent and treat a range of medical conditions and support people to make appropriate choices in terms of their diet and lifestyle. Community dieticians work in hospitals, care homes, clinics, groups or homes. They work alongside school nurses, doctors, social workers and other health professionals.
As obesity levels amongst children increase, it is more important than ever to encourage healthy eating practices. A poor diet includes sugary and fatty foods and it is therefore important to give toddlers food that is as close to its natural state as possible. This usually means unprocessed foods with less packaging. Children are not born addicted to sugary drinks or fried foods, and therefore they may prefer healthy food options if they were introduced to them from an early age. Providing a balanced, healthy diet is essential regarding the following:
This Welsh Government scheme aims to encourage nurseries, childminders and family centres to promote and safeguard every aspect of health. The scheme focuses on:
Each setting that provides care for pre-school children can take part in the scheme. Settings must show that they promote health by following policies and planning carefully. At the end of each stage of the scheme, the setting is assessed once it has reached the minimum standards. They will receive a certificate from Public Health Wales at the end of the scheme.
Ti a Fi - Ti a Fi groups are for parents/carers or childminders who care for children below school age. These groups provide an opportunity to meet weekly and offer activities which support children's development from birth to school age. It provides an excellent opportunity to share experiences and to socialise in a Welsh environment. Children who attend Ti a Fi groups are given the opportunity to enjoy and play, to make new friends, to learn simple songs and to listen to stories.
Amser Stori a Chân - a fun session for parents/carers or childminders to listen to stories, learn and sing songs and rhymes. These sessions are an effective way of learning Welsh and provide an opportunity to socialise with other adults.
Cylch Meithrin - sessional groups offering opportunities for children to socialise and play through the medium of Welsh. Although it is children from 2 ½ years old to 3 years old who attend these groups, some groups offer provision for children from 2 years old.
Foundation Phase - children between 3 and 4 years old have the right to education funded by the Government and approved by local authorities during the Foundation Phase in Wales. This includes 10 hours each week either in a nursery group, a day nursery, a play group or with a childminder. The Foundation Phase is an important time for children as it sets the foundation for their education in the future and is part of the current curriculum.
Mae darpariaeth a gwasanaethau eang ar gyfer cefnogi plant 2-3 oed; rhai yn y cartref ac eraill mewn clinigau ac ysbytai.
Nyrsys cymwysedig wedi astudio ymhellach ac sydd â phrofiad o waith bydwraig. Maent yn gweithio yn y gymuned gan amlaf, gyda phlant hyd at 5 oed, a’u teuluoedd/gofalwyr. Rhan bwysig o waith ymwelydd iechyd yw sicrhau bod plant yn cael y dechrau gorau mewn bywyd. Mewn partneriaeth â rhieni/gofalwyr, bydd ymwelydd iechyd yn asesu:
Mae ymwelwyr iechyd yn gweithio ar y cyd gyda nyrs ysgol, doctoriaid, gweithwyr cymdeithasol a gweithwyr iechyd proffesiynol eraill. Maen nhw’n gweithio mewn cartrefi, clinigau neu feddygfa.
Rôl ymwelydd iechyd yw:
Mae gan ymwelydd iechyd rôl hanfodol wrth weithio gyda sefydliadau eraill i ddiogelu ac amddiffyn babanod a phlant. Maent yn cael eu hyfforddi i adnabod y ffactorau risg, achosion o bryder, ac unrhyw arwyddion o gam-drin neu esgeulustod mewn plant. Mae ymwelydd iechyd, fel arfer, yn cydnabod os yw plentyn mewn perygl o gael ei niweidio, yn deall y camau gweithredu a beth sydd angen ei wneud i’w ddiogelu. Maent hefyd yn sicrhau bod teuluoedd/gofalwyr yn cael y gefnogaeth orau posib yn ystod y trefniadau diogelu ffurfiol.
Yn darparu cefnogaeth i deuluoedd/gofalwyr gyda phlant sydd ag anghenion cymhleth. Mae’r cymorth yma’n gwella cymhwysedd rhianta, cymhwysedd oedolyn ar gyfer cyflogaeth a phresenoldeb addysgol plant. Mae gweithiwr cymorth teulu hefyd yn gweithio gyda rhieni neu ofalwyr yn eu cartrefi neu mewn grwpiau. Yn aml, maen nhw’n gweithio ar ôl oriau gwaith arferol er mwyn cynyddu sgiliau, hyder a gallu holl aelodau’r teulu fel eu bod yn gallu byw bywyd pob dydd mewn modd positif a diogel.
Wrth asesu teulu/gofalwyr, mae cyfle i ddod i adnabod y teulu/gofalwyr cyfan yn well. Mae’r asesiad hwn yn helpu i benderfynu pa fath o gymorth neu wasanaeth sydd orau i’r plentyn a’r teulu/gofalwyr. Bydd sgwrs yn cael ei chynnal ynglŷn â sut mae’r teulu/gofalwyr yn ymdopi gyda bywyd o ddydd i ddydd, beth sy’n poeni’r teulu/gofalwyr a sut mae’r plentyn yn datblygu’n gyffredinol. Hefyd, maen nhw’n trafod iechyd a datblygiad y plentyn a sut mae’n ymdopi yn y cylch meithrin neu’r ysgol.
Mae’r tîm yma’n gweithio’n agos gyda theuluoedd/gofalwyr ac asiantaethau eraill er mwyn cydnabod problem yn gynnar, gwneud newidiadau er gwell, a cheisio atal problemau y gall arwain at rhywbeth mwy difrifol.
Bydd cydlynydd yn gweithio gyda theulu/gofalwyr, er mwyn:
Bydd y deietegydd cymunedol yn cynnig cyngor deietegol wedi’i deilwra’n benodol i unigolyn. Wrth addasu a gwneud newidiadau deietegol, mae’r deietegydd yn ceisio atal a thrin amrywiaeth o gyflyrau meddygol a chefnogi pobl i wneud dewisiadau priodol o ran deiet a ffordd o fyw. Mae deietegydd cymunedol yn gweld cleifion mewn amrywiaeth o leoliadau sy’n cynnwys ysbytai, cartrefi gofal, clinigau, grwpiau, a chartrefi. Maent yn cyd-weithio gyda meddygon, nyrsys cymunedol a gweithwyr iechyd proffesiynol eraill.
Wrth i ordewdra ymhlith plant gynyddu, mae’n bwysicach nag erioed annog arferion bwyta iach. Mae deiet gwael yn cynnwys bwydydd sy’n llawn siwgr a braster felly mae’n bwysig rhoi bwyd i blant bach sydd mor agos at ei ffurf naturiol â phosibl. Bwydydd sydd fel arfer â llai o ddefnydd pacio a heb eu prosesu. Gan nad yw plant yn cael eu geni’n gaeth i ddiodydd llawn siwgr neu fwyd wedi’i ffrïo, efallai byddai’n well ganddyn nhw ddewisiadau bwyd iach petaent wedi eu cyflwyno iddyn nhw o oedran ifanc. Mae darparu deiet cytbwys iach a diodydd iach yn hanfodol ar gyfer y canlynol:
Cynllun gan Lywodraeth Cymru sy’n anelu at gael meithrinfeydd, gwarchodwyr plant a chanolfannau teulu i hyrwyddo a diogelu pob agwedd ar iechyd. Mae’r cynllun yn canolbwyntio ar:
Gall pob lleoliad sy'n darparu gofal ar gyfer plant oedran cyn ysgol gymryd rhan yn y cynllun. Mae’n rhaid i leoliadau ddangos eu bod yn hyrwyddo iechyd drwy ddilyn polisïau a chynllunio yn ofalus. Ar ddiwedd pob cam o’r cynllun, mae’r lleoliad yn cael ei asesu unwaith y byddant yn cyrraedd y safonau gofynnol. Cânt dystysgrif Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru ar ddiwedd y cynllun.
Ti a Fi - mae cylch Ti a Fi ar gyfer rhieni/gofalwyr neu warchodwyr â phlant dan oed ysgol. Mae’r cylch yn rhoi cyfle i gyfarfod yn wythnosol ac mae’n cynnig gweithgareddau sy’n helpu datblygiad plant o enedigaeth hyd at oed ysgol. Mae’n gyfle gwych i rannu profiadau a chymdeithasu mewn awyrgylch Gymreig. Wrth fynychu cylch Ti a Fi, mae plant yn cael cyfle i fwynhau a chwarae, gwneud ffrindiau newydd, dysgu caneuon syml a chael gwrando ar storïau.
Amser Stori a Chân - sesiwn hwyliog i blant dan 5 oed a’u rhieni/gofalwyr neu warchodwyr i gael cyfle i wrando ar storïau a dysgu a chanu caneuon a rhigymau. Mae’r sesiynau hyn yn ffordd effeithiol o ddysgu Cymraeg, ac i rieni/gofalwyr gael cyfle i gymdeithasu gydag oedolion eraill.
Cylch Meithrin - grwpiau sesiynol yw’r cylchoedd meithrin yn cynnig cyfle i blant gymdeithasu ac i chwarae drwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg. Er mai plant rhwng 2 ½ a 3 oed sydd yn mynychu’r cylch, mae rhai grwpiau yn cynnig darpariaeth ar gyfer plant 2 oed.
Y Cyfnod Sylfaen - mae gan blant bach sydd rhwng 3 a 4 oed yr hawl i addysg sydd yn cael ei ariannu gan y Llywodraeth a’i gymeradwyo gan awdurdodau lleol ar gyfer y Cyfnod Sylfaen yng Nghymru. Mae hyn am 10 awr yr wythnos mewn naill ai gylch meithrin, meithrinfa dydd, grŵp chwarae neu gyda gwarchodwr plant. Mae’r Cyfnod Sylfaen yn amser pwysig i blant oherwydd ei fod yn gosod sylfaen ar gyfer eu haddysg yn y dyfodol, ac yn rhan o’r cwricwlwm presennol.
Hint 1: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Modi est praesentium earum exercitationem, accusantium molestiae asperiores reiciendis aliquam doloribus, delectus, cumque odio omnis rem, aliquid et. Quisquam eius, incidunt ab.
Awgrymiadau 1: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Modi est praesentium earum exercitationem, accusantium molestiae asperiores reiciendis aliquam doloribus, delectus, cumque odio omnis rem, aliquid et. Quisquam eius, incidunt ab.
Health visitor: part of the National Health Service (NHS) Community Service, referrals are made either by the local doctor, nurses or social workers.
Family Support workers: families with multiple problems are referred by social workers to the Family Support team.
Team Around the Family: led by a coordinator. Families are referred following a needs assessment.
Community Dietician: children may be referred to a community dietician either by the local doctor, community nurse or school nurse, social worker or teachers.
Flying Start is part of the Early Years programme for 0-3 year olds and their families in the most disadvantaged communities in Wales. Flying Start is one of the main priorities of the Tackling Poverty agenda, and the programme provides quality childcare. Flying Starts brings several agencies together, such as midwives, health visitors, childcare providers, social care workers and language and play coordinators. These agencies are mainly concerned with ensuring that all children who are involved in Flying Start are given a fair start in life by developing their emotional, social and physical skills to ensure a positive start at school.
Home Start is a voluntary organisation that works with families in the community to offer support and assistance. Volunteers work side by side with parents in their homes to help them to cope with every day stresses. The volunteers ensure that the parents are equipped with the essential skills needed to raise children.
Families First is provided by local authorities and works closely with families by making decisions regarding what support and assistance they need for the family to flourish. This programme supports families who need additional assistance, including parenting assistance with 0-2 year olds.
Children First is a programme that aims to ensure that children in need are given the best opportunities with regard to healthcare, education and social care. Children in need include children in care and children with disabilities. The Welsh Government and the Health Department are working together to develop a support framework for social services. The aim is to promote cooperation with other agencies in order to improve the outcomes for Children in Need and their families.
Family Information Services provide a point of contact for advice and information on local services for families and carers. They offer free and impartial advice and support on a wide variety of matters in relation to children and young people such as childcare, health, additional needs, parenting and much more. They also offer structured parenting programmes, based on evidence, aimed at raising 0-2 year olds. The programme includes formal and informal group support, one-to-one support and support to maintain healthy relationships.
Family Point Cymru puts parents and anybody who is responsible for a child or young person in contact with key services in Wales, via a website and helpline.
The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) works to strengthen the way in which children's rights are ensured, by working with other partners to ensure that all children in Wales enjoy a safer childhood.
Barnardo’s provides services across Wales, working with vulnerable babies from 0-2 years old, children and young people, families and communities, helping them to build a better future. Barnardo’s aim is to reach out to babies, children and young people in Wales' most disadvantaged communities to ensure that every child has the best possible start in life. It supports families struggling to overcome difficulties caused by poverty, abuse and discrimination. Barnardo's also works to ensure that all young people aim towards realising their full potential, regardless of their life circumstances.
Action for Children has been working in Wales since 1911 and supports vulnerable children, young people and families. It operates over 100 projects and services in partnership with local authorities, health boards and third sector organisations. Action for Children aims to give babies, children, young people and families opportunities to achieve their potential and to make the most of their lives.
Actions or Children’s campaigns in Wales focus on the following reducing inequality during children’s early years and supporting children in need.
Sally Holland has been the Children's Commissioner for Wales since 2015. The Commissioner is responsible for promoting children's rights and looking at the way decisions by public bodies in Wales, including the Welsh Government, affect their rights, including 0-2 year olds.
Ymwelydd iechyd: yn rhan o Wasanaeth Cymunedol y Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (GIG), mae atgyfeiriadau yn cael eu gwneud drwy unai’r meddyg lleol, nyrsys neu weithiwr cymdeithasol. Mae ymwelydd iechyd yn gweithio gyda theuluoedd/gofalwyr a phlant hyd at 5 oed.
Gweithwyr Cymorth Teulu: mae teuluoedd/gofalwyr sy’n dioddef amrywiaeth o broblemau’n cael eu atgyfeirio gan weithwyr cymdeithasol at y tîm cymorth teulu.
Tîm o Amgylch y Teulu/gofalwyr: yn cael ei arwain gan gydlynydd. Mae teuluoedd/gofalwyr yn cael eu hatgyfeirio yn dilyn asesiad o anghenion.
Deietegydd Cymunedol: gall plant gael eu hatgyfeirio at ddeietegydd cymunedol gan unai’r meddyg lleol, nyrs gymunedol neu nyrs ysgol, gweithiwr cymdeithasol neu athrawon.
Mae Dechrau’n Deg yn rhan o raglen Blynyddoedd Cynnar ar gyfer plant 0-3 oed a’u teuluoedd/gofalwyr yn y cymunedau mwyaf difreintiedig yng Nghymru. Mae Dechrau’n Deg yn un o brif flaenoriaethau agenda Trechu Tlodi, ac mae’r rhaglen yn darparu gofal plant o ansawdd. Mae Dechrau’n Deg yn dod â sawl asiantaeth at ei gilydd, megis bydwragedd, ymwelwyr iechyd, darparwyr gofal plant, gweithwyr gofal cymdeithasol a chydlynwyr iaith a chwarae. Prif dasg yr asiantaethau hyn yw sicrhau bod holl blant Dechrau’n Deg yn cael dechrau teg mewn bywyd drwy ddatblygu sgiliau emosiynol, cymdeithasol a chorfforol ar gyfer dechrau cadarnhaol yn yr ysgol.
Mae Home Start yn fudiad gwirfoddol sy’n cyd-weithio â theuluoedd/gofalwyr o fewn y gymuned i gynnig cefnogaeth a chymorth. Mae gwirfoddolwyr yn gweithio ochr yn ochr â rhieni/gofalwyr yn eu cartrefi ac yn eu helpu i ymdopi â straen bywyd dyddiol. Mae’r gwirfoddolwyr yn sicrhau bod rhieni/gofalwyr yn dysgu'r sgiliau hanfodol sydd eu hangen arnynt i fagu plant.
Mae Teuluoedd yn Gyntaf yn cael ei weithredu gan awdurdodau lleol ac yn gweithio’n agos gyda theuluoedd/gofalwyr drwy wneud penderfyniadau ynghylch pa gymorth a chefnogaeth sydd ei angen arnynt er mwyn i’r teulu/gofalwyr ffynnu. Mae’r rhaglen yma yn cefnogi teuluoedd/gofalwyr sydd angen cymorth ychwanegol, yn cynnwys cymorth rhianta gyda phlant o dan 5 oed.
Mae rhaglen Plant yn Gyntaf yn ceisio sicrhau bod plant anghenus yn cael y manteision gorau trwy ofal iechyd a gofal cymdeithasol. Mae plant anghenus yn cynnwys plant mewn gofal a phlant ag anableddau. Mae Llywodraeth Cymru a’r Adran Iechyd yn gweithio ar y cyd i ddatblygu fframwaith cynorthwyo’r gwasanaethau cymdeithasol. Y bwriad yw hyrwyddo cydweithio ag asiantaethau eraill i wella’r deilliannau ar gyfer Plant mewn Angen a’u teuluoedd/gofalwyr.
Mae Gwasanaethau Gwybodaeth i Deuluoedd yn bwynt cyswllt am gyngor a gwybodaeth am wasanaethau lleol i deuluoedd a gofalwyr. Maent yn cynnig cymorth a chyngor diduedd yn rhad ac am ddim am amrywiaeth eang o faterion ar gyfer plant a phobl ifanc megis gofal plant, iechyd, anghenion ychwanegol, rhianta a llawer mwy. Maent hefyd yn cynnig rhaglen rhianta strwythuredig, yn seiliedig ar dystiolaeth, wrth fagu plant bach. Mae’r rhaglen yn cynnwys cymorth grŵp ffurfiol ac anffurfiol, cymorth un i un a chymorth i gynnal perthynas dda.>
Mae Pwynt Teulu Cymru yn cysylltu rhieni/gofalwyr ac unrhyw un sy’n gyfrifol am blentyn neu berson ifanc i wasanaethau allweddol yng Nghymru, drwy wefan a llinell gymorth.
Mae’r National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) yn gweithio i gryfhau’r ffordd y caiff hawliau plant eu sicrhau, drwy gyd-weithio â phartneriaid eraill er mwyn sicrhau bod pob plentyn yng Nghymru yn cael plentyndod mwy diogel.
Mae Barnardo’s yn darparu gwasanaethau hyd ac ar led Cymru, yn gweithio gyda phlant a phobl ifanc, teuluoedd/gofalwyr a chymunedau sydd mewn perygl o niwed, ac yn eu cefnogi i adeiladu dyfodol gwell. Nod Barnardo’s yw estyn llaw i blant a phobl ifanc yng nghymunedau mwyaf difreintiedig Cymru er mwyn sicrhau bod pob plentyn yn cael y cychwyn gorau mewn bywyd. Maent yn cefnogi teuluoedd/gofalwyr sy’n brwydro i oresgyn anawsterau a achosir gan dlodi, cam-drin a gwahaniaethu. Yn ogystal â hyn, mae Barnardo’s yn sicrhau bod pob person ifanc yn gweithio at wireddu eu potensial llawn, beth bynnag yw eu hamgylchiadau bywyd.
Mae Gweithredu dros Blant wedi bod yn gweithio yng Nghymru er 1911 ac yn cefnogi plant, pobl ifanc a theuluoedd/gofalwyr sydd mewn perygl o niwed. Mae’n cynnal dros 100 o brosiectau a gwasanaethau mewn partneriaeth ag awdurdodau lleol, byrddau iechyd a sefydliadau trydydd sector. Nod gweithredu dros blant yw rhoi cyfle i fabanod, plant, pobl ifanc a theuluoedd/gofalwyr gyflawni eu potensial a chael y mwyaf o’u bywydau.
Mae ymgyrchoedd gweithredu dros blant yng Nghymru’n canolbwyntio ar leihau anghydraddoldeb ym mlynyddoedd cynnar bywyd plentyn a chefnogi plant mewn angen.
Comisiynydd Plant Cymru er 2015 yw Sally Holland. Pwrpas swydd y Comisiynydd yw hyrwyddo hawliau plant ac edrych ar sut mae penderfyniadau cyrff cyhoeddus yng Nghymru, yn cynnwys Llywodraeth Cymru, yn effeithio ar eu hawliau.
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Awgrymiadau 2: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Modi est praesentium earum exercitationem, accusantium molestiae asperiores reiciendis aliquam doloribus, delectus, cumque odio omnis rem, aliquid et. Quisquam eius, incidunt ab.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was formally adopted by the Welsh Government in 2004 and used as a basis for policies made for children and young people. The convention includes seven core aims, namely that children should:
The Welsh Government has published a consultation document on the 'National Service Framework' for children, young people and maternity services in Wales. The aim of the document is to improve the quality and fairness of the services being delivered. The NSF was developed by 7 external working groups including key stakeholders from all the relevant children's services:
Public Health Wales has developed a long-term strategy that contains 7 strategic priorities to help towards 'Working to Achieve a Healthier Future for Wales'. Public Health Wales has the following 7 priorities:
Flying Start is a project funded by the Welsh Government and works with children under 4 years old and their families. It aims to improve children's skills, preparing them for school and for life in general. The Flying Start health visitor's main aim is to support the family at home, assessing the child and the family in order to make appropriate referrals if required. Families who have a child involved in Flying Start must be offered parenting support on an annual basis, either in groups or one-to-one at home with a combination of formal and informal support, as required.
Childminders are childcare providers who work in their own homes, either on a part-time basis or on a full-time basis. They offer care before and after school, wraparound care and care during the school holidays.
Day care providers may offer either full-time care or part-time care, wraparound care, care outside school hours and provision during the school holidays. These include:
These are NHS Wales' key indicators for measuring progress:
Action | Impact |
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Better access to dentistry |
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Reduce alcohol/drug misuse |
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More parenting support |
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Improve immunisation rates |
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Reduce the number of smokers |
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The Chief Medical Officer for Wales launched a consultation on a scheme to reduce the number of smokers and the number of people being exposed to second-hand smoke. The main aim is to ensure a 16% reduction in smoking by 2020 and realise the vision of a smoke-free society in Wales where tobacco causes no harm to anyone. The actions include:
According to the Welsh Government Best Practice guidelines on Food and Nutrition, children between 1 and 5 years old need at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables every day. They advise parents to use either potatoes, bread, rice, pasta or other starchy carbohydrates as the basis for toddlers' meals.
Children between 2 and 5 years old can gradually start to move towards the same balance of foods as adults, ensuring that they have a variety of foods from the 5 food groups in order to stay healthy, for example:
Children need to drink around 6-8 cups of fluid a day, ideally water or milk.
Tooth decay is the most common oral disease affecting children in the UK. Good oral care can prevent tooth decay. Decay occurs when babies and children consume too much sugary food and drinks and fail to brush their teeth regularly. Teeth should be brushed as soon as the first tooth appears, and this should continue throughout life using fluoride toothpaste.
It is essential that children visit the dentist regularly. A dental check-up enables the dentist to examine oral health by looking at the teeth and gums for signs of disease. Tooth decay and gum disease can be prevented so it is better to seek early treatment.
Flying Start health visitors work with the Designed to Smile programme to improve oral health for pre-school age children. This programme is funded by the Welsh Government.
Eye tests for children are essential. Short-sightedness and long-sightedness, astigmatism or lazy eye are very common conditions and can usually be treated relatively easily.
In addition, children should be taken to an optician for an eye test if they:
Accidents are one of the most common causes of death amongst 1 to 5 year olds. Every year, around 500,000 children under 5 have to go to hospital due to accidents at home. Children need to explore and learn about their surroundings. Parents or carers can help them by making their home as safe as possible to avoid injury.
Common accidents include:
Children under school age are the ones that have most accidents in the home, with boys being more likely to have an accident than girls. Accidental injuries are often the most common causes of death in children over 1 year old. Falling causes the most injuries in children under 4 years old. Here are some ways parents can avoid accidents to their children in the home:
As part of the Healthy Child Wales programme, a joint venture by the National Health Service (NHS) and the Welsh Government to support families with young children, emphasis is place on the importance of preparing children for formal education and offering the best possible opportunities for children to fully realise their potential by offering additional support if required.
Cylch meithrin is a sessional group offering opportunities for children to socialise and play through the medium of Welsh. Although it is children from 2 ½ years old to 3 years old who attend these groups, some groups offer provision for children from 2 years old.
The Welsh Government has developed an Early Years framework to promote a national constant means of assessing, tracking and monitoring children's developmental progress from birth up to 7 years old. As part of this framework, the Foundation Phase was introduced to promote steps to assess development and to identify any delay at an early stage, and ensure support for those children needing it. The assessments undertaken as part of the profile provide useful information for leaders and teachers in the early years, and provide a transition process between settings and schools. Free provision is available for 3 year olds, for 10 hours a week either in a nursery group, a day nursery, a play group or with a childminder.
Cafodd Confensiwn y Cenhedloedd Unedig ar Hawliau’r Plentyn (CCUHP) ei fabwysiadu’n ffurfiol gan Lywodraeth Cymru yn 2004 a’i ddefnyddio’n sail i bolisïau a wnaed ar gyfer plant a phobl ifanc. Mae gan y confensiwn 7 nod craidd, sef bod plant:
Mae Llywodraeth Cymru wedi cyflwyno dogfen ymgynghori ‘Fframwaith Gwasanaeth Cenedlaethol’ ar gyfer plant, pobl ifanc a gwasanaethau mamolaeth yng Nghymru er mwyn gwella ansawdd a thegwch gwasanaethau sy’n cael eu darparu. Cafodd y FfGC ei ddatblygu gan 7 o weithgorau allanol a oedd yn cynnwys rhanddeiliaid allweddol o’r holl wasanaethau perthnasol i blant:
Mae Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru wedi datblygu strategaeth hirdymor sy'n dod â 7 blaenoriaeth strategol at ei gilydd er mwyn eu helpu i 'Weithio i Wireddu Dyfodol Iachach i Gymru'. 7 blaenoriaeth Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru yw:
Mwy o wybodaeth:
Mae Dechrau’n Deg yn brosiect sy’n cael ei ariannu gan Lywodraeth Cymru ac yn gweithio gyda phlant o dan 4 oed a’u teuluoedd/gofalwyr. Y bwriad yw gwella sgiliau plant, eu paratoi ar gyfer ysgol yn ogystal â’u paratoi ar gyfer bywyd yn gyffredinol. Prif swyddogaeth ymwelydd iechyd Dechrau’n Deg yw rhoi cefnogaeth i’r teulu/gofalwyr yn y cartref, gan asesu’r plentyn a’r teulu/gofalwyr er mwyn gwneud atgyfeiriadau priodol os oes angen. Mae’n rhaid i deuluoedd/gofalwyr sydd â phlentyn Dechrau’n Deg gael cynnig cymorth rhianta’n flynyddol, unai mewn grwpiau neu un i un yn y cartref gyda chymysgedd o gymorth ffurfiol ac anffurfiol, yn ôl yr angen.
Mae Gwarchodwyr Plant yn ddarparwyr gofal plant sy’n gweithio yn eu cartrefi eu hunain yn rhan amser neu’n llawn amser. Maen nhw’n cynnig gofal cyn ac ar ôl ysgol, gofal cofleidiol a gofal yn ystod gwyliau.
Gall ddarparwyr gofal dydd gynnig unai gofal llawn amser neu ran amser, gofal cofleidiol, gofal tu allan i’r ysgol a darpariaeth yn ystod gwyliau. Mae'r rhain yn cynnwys:
Dyma ddangosyddion allweddol GIG Cymru ar gyfer mesur cynnydd:
Cam Gweithredu | Effaith |
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Gwella mynediad i ddeintyddiaeth |
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Lleihau'r nifer sy'n camddefnyddio alcohol/cyffuriau |
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Mwy o gymorth rhianta |
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Gwella cyfraddau imiwneiddio |
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Lleihau nifer y bobl sy'n ysmygu |
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Cychwynnodd Prif Swyddog Meddygol Cymru ymgynghoriad ynglŷn â chynllun i leihau’r nifer o bobl sy’n ysmygu a phobl sy’n dod i gysylltiad â mwg ail-law. Y prif nod yw lleihau’r lefelau ysmygu i 16% erbyn 2020 a cheisio gwireddu gweledigaeth o gymdeithas ddi-fwg yng Nghymru lle nad yw tybaco yn niweidio unrhyw un. Mae’r camau gweithredu’n cynnwys:
Yn ôl canllawiau Arfer Gorau Llywodraeth Cymru ar Fwyd a Maeth, maent yn nodi bod plant rhwng 1 a 5 oed angen o leiaf 5 dogn o ffrwythau a llysiau pob dydd. Maent yn rhoi cyngor i rieni/gofalwyr ddefnyddio unai tatws, bara, reis, pasta neu garbohydradau startslyd eraill fel sail i brydau bwyd plant bach.
Gall plant rhwng 2 a 5 oed ddechrau symud yn raddol tuag at yr un cydbwysedd o fwydydd ag oedolion, gan sicrhau eu bod yn cael amrywiaeth o fwydydd o’r 5 grŵp bwyd er mwyn cadw’n iach, er enghraifft:
Mae plant angen yfed oddeutu 6-8 cwpan o hylif y dydd, yn ddelfrydol, dŵr neu laeth.
Pydredd dannedd yw afiechyd y geg fwyaf cyffredin ymhlith plant yn y DU. Drwy sicrhau gofal da o’r geg, mae modd atal pydredd dannedd. Mae pydredd yn digwydd wrth i blant fwyta gormod o fwydydd a diodydd sy’n llawn siwgr, a ddim yn brwsio eu dannedd yn rheolaidd. Dylid brwsio dannedd cyn gynted ag y mae’r dant cyntaf yn ymddangos a pharhau i wneud hyn gan ddefnyddio past dannedd â fflworid drwy gydol bywyd.
Mae’n hanfodol bod plant yn ymweld â’r deintydd yn rheolaidd. Mae archwiliad deintyddol yn galluogi’r deintydd i archwilio iechyd y geg gan edrych ar y dannedd a’r deintgig am arwyddion o glefyd. Mae pydredd dannedd a chlefyd y deintgig yn gallu cael eu hatal felly mae’n well cael eu trin yn gynnar.
Mae ymwelydd iechyd Dechrau’n Deg yn cydweithio â rhaglen Cynllun Gwên er mwyn gwella iechyd y geg, ar gyfer plant cyn oed ysgol. Cynllun yw hwn sydd wedi’i ariannu gan Lywodraeth Cymru.
Mae profion llygaid plant yn hollbwysig. Mae cyflyrau fel byrwelediad a hirwelediad, astigmatedd neu lygaid diog yn gyffredin iawn ac fel arfer gellir eu trin yn ddigon rhwydd.
Yn ogystal â hyn, mae angen mynd â’r plentyn at yr optegydd i gael prawf llygaid os yw yn:
Damweiniau yw un o’r achosion mwyaf cyffredin o farwolaethau ymhlith plant rhwng 1 a 5 oed. Yn flynyddol, rhaid i tua 500,000 o blant o dan 5 oed fynd i’r ysbyty oherwydd damwain yn y cartref. Mae angen i blant chwilio a dysgu am y pethau o’u cwmpas. Gall rhieni/gofalwyr neu ofalwyr eu helpu i wneud hyn drwy wneud eu cartref mor ddiogel â phosibl fel nad ydynt yn anafu eu hunain. Damweiniau cyffredin yw:
Plant dan oed ysgol sy’n cael y mwyafrif o ddamweiniau yn y cartref, gyda bechgyn yn fwy tebygol o ddioddef damweiniau na merched. Yn aml, anafiadau damweiniol yw achos pennaf marwolaeth ymhlith plant dros 1 flwydd oed. Cwympo sy’n cyfrif am y mwyafrif o anafiadau ymhlith plant dan 4 oed. Dyma rai ffyrdd y gall rieni/gofalwyr osgoi damweiniau i’w plant yn y cartref:
Fel rhan o Raglen Plant Iach Cymru a grëwyd ar y cyd gan y Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (GIG) a Llywodraeth Cymru ar gyfer cefnogi teuluoedd/gofalwyr â phlant ifanc, maent yn pwysleisio pwysigrwydd paratoi plant ar gyfer addysg ffurfiol a chynnig y cyfle gorau bosib i blant wireddu eu potensial yn llawn drwy gynnig cymorth ychwanegol os oes angen.
Grwpiau sesiynol yw’r cylchoedd meithrin yn cynnig cyfle i blant gymdeithasu ac i chwarae drwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg. Er mai plant rhwng 2 ½ a 3 oed sydd yn mynychu’r cylch, mae rhai grwpiau yn cynnig darpariaeth ar gyfer plant 2 oed.
Mae Llywodraeth Cymru wedi datblygu fframwaith Blynyddoedd Cynnar er mwyn hybu dull cenedlaethol cyson o asesu, tracio a monitro cynnydd plant o ran datblygiad o’r adeg y cânt eu geni nes eu bod yn 7 oed. Yn y fframwaith hwn, mae’r Cyfnod Sylfaen wedi ei gyflwyno er mwyn hybu camau i asesu datblygiad ac adnabod unrhyw oedi yn gynnar, ac yn sicrhau cymorth i blant sydd ei angen. Mae asesiadau’r proffil yn darparu gwybodaeth ddefnyddiol i arweinyddion ac athrawon y blynyddoedd cynnar, ac yn broses o bontio rhwng lleoliadau a’r ysgol. Mae darpariaeth am ddim i gael ar gyfer plant 3 oed, am 10 awr yr wythnos mewn unai Cylch Meithrin, meithrinfa dydd, grŵp chwarae neu gyda gwarchodwyr plant.
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The Healthy Child Wales Programme has been offered by health boards in Wales since 2016. The programme is available to all families with children between 0 and 7 years old. It includes preventative measures and early intervention, based on evidence, as well as advice and guidance to support parents, and to help them make decisions to live a healthy life. The connection between children, their families and the health boards is based on three forms of intervention, namely screening, immunisation and monitoring and supporting child development. In order to support the development of the child, a health visitor will offer to visit the home of each parent/carer when the child reaches 2 and a half years old. In order to identify individual needs, an assessment will be undertaken of the family's resilience, and an evaluation made of the parents' ability to raise the child. This allows the health visitor to assess the child's growth and progress and also to promote public health, support and advices is offered on the following:
Immunisation can save children's lives. The World Health Organisation estimates that 3 million lives are saved worldwide every year due to immunisations. It is essential that children are fully immunised in order to protect them from serious diseases. Cases of diphtheria and tetanus are now rare in the UK due to immunisations.
Children between 2, 3 and 4 years old are offered an annual vaccination against the flu, which is given nasally. When the child reaches 3 years and 4 months (pre-school vaccinations), they are offered a second dose of the MMR vaccination and a 4-in-1 vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio.
Even though polio has been eliminated in Europe, diseases such as measles and meningitis are still around in the United Kingdom today. If parents or carers have concerns regarding immunisation, they should discuss this with their doctor, health visitor or the surgery nurse.
Children grow and learn more during the first 5 years of their life than at any other period and reach developmental milestones. Although children grow at their own pace, the milestones provide guidance to parents regarding how the child can be expected to develop.
The Healthy Child Wales Programme aims to improve the outcomes during the early years and monitors the percentage of children who reach their developmental milestones between 2 and 3 years old. The health visitor undertakes an assessment of the child's growth and development, as well as the family's resilience, when the child is 2 and a half years old, and then again when the child is 3 years old.
Between 2 and 3 years old, children are offered general screening tests for the following:
Children in the early years and their families are supported by general and specialist services within the National Health Service (NHS). This includes families' first points of contact such as:
It is essential that all services work together to give children and families the best support.
Mae Rhaglen Plant Iach Cymru ar waith gan fyrddau iechyd Cymru ers 2016. Rhaglen ar gyfer pob teulu sydd â phlant rhwng 0 a 7 oed yw hwn. Mae’n cynnwys mesurau ataliol ac ymyrraeth gynnar, yn seiliedig ar dystiolaeth yn ogystal â chyngor a chanllawiau i gefnogi rhieni/gofalwyr, a’u helpu i wneud dewisiadau i fyw bywyd iach. Mae’r cysylltiad rhwng plant, eu teuluoedd/gofalwyr a’r byrddau iechyd yn ymwneud â thri maes o ymyrraeth sef sgrinio, imiwneiddio a monitro a chefnogi datblygiad plentyn.
Er mwyn cefnogi datblygiad y plentyn, bydd ymwelydd iechyd yn cynnig ymweliad â’r cartref i bob rhiant/gofalwr pan fydd y plentyn yn 2 ½ oed. I adnabod angen unigol bydd asesiad yn cael ei gynnal o wydnwch y teulu/gofalwyr a gwerthusiad o allu’r rhieni/gofalwyr i fagu’r plentyn. Diben hyn yw i’r ymwelydd iechyd asesu twf a chynnydd y plentyn a hefyd er mwyn hyrwyddo iechyd cyhoeddus cynigir cymorth a chyngor ar:
Gall imiwneiddio achub bywydau plant. Mae Sefydliad Iechyd y Byd yn amcangyfrif y caiff 3 miliwn o fywydau eu hachub bob blwyddyn ar draws y byd drwy imiwneiddio. Mae’n hanfodol bod plant yn cael eu himiwneiddio yn llawn er mwyn eu diogelu rhag clefydau difrifol. Mae difftheria a thetanws bellach yn brin yn y DU oherwydd imiwneiddio.
Caiff blant rhwng 2, 3 a 4 oed frechlyn blynyddol rhag y ffliw, ar ffurf chwistrelliad drwy’r trwyn. Pan mae’r plentyn yn 3 blwydd a 4 mis oed (brechiadau cyn-ysgol), maent yn cael ail ddos o’r brechlyn MMR a brechlyn 4-mewn-1 rhag difftheria, tetanws, y pas a pholio.
Er bod polio wedi cael ei ddileu yn Ewrop, mae clefydau megis y frech goch a llid yr ymennydd yn parhau yn y Deyrnas Unedig hyd heddiw. Os oes gan rieni neu ofalwyr bryderon ynglŷn ag imiwneiddio eu plant, dylid ei drafod gyda’u meddyg, ymwelydd iechyd neu nyrs y feddygfa.
Mae plant yn tyfu ac yn dysgu mwy yn ystod 5 mlynedd cyntaf eu bywyd nag ar unrhyw adeg arall, ac yn cyrraedd cerrig milltir datblygiadol. Er bod plant yn tyfu ar eu cyflymder eu hunain, mae’r cerrig milltir yn rhoi arweiniad i rieni/gofalwyr o’r hyn sydd i’w ddisgwyl o ran datblygiad y plentyn.
Mae Rhaglen Plant Cymru yn gweithio at wella canlyniadau ar gyfer y blynyddoedd cynnar ac yn monitro’r canran o blant sydd yn cyrraedd eu cerrig milltir o ran datblygiad rhwng 2 a 3 oed. Caiff asesiad o dwf a datblygiad, yn ogystal â gwydnwch y teulu/gofalwyr ei wneud gan yr ymwelydd iechyd pan mae’r plentyn yn 2 ½ oed, ac wedyn pan mae’r plentyn yn 3 oed.
Rhwng 2 a 3 oed, caiff plant brofion sgrinio cyffredinol ar gyfer y canlynol:
Caiff plant blynyddoedd cynnar a’u teuluoedd/gofalwyr eu cynorthwyo gan wasanaethau cyffredinol ac arbenigol y Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (GIG). Mae hyn yn cynnwys pwyntiau cyswllt cyntaf teuluoedd/gofalwyr megis:
Mae’n hanfodol bod yr holl wasanaethau yn gweithio gyda’i gilydd er mwyn rhoi’r cymorth gorau i blant a’u teuluoedd/gofalwyr.
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