Emotional development

Datblygiad emosiynol

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Sad child

Emotional development involves an individual's feelings about other people, objects, situations and experiences. Adults can use words to express their feelings and explain how they are feeling. Children cannot do this as easily as they may not have the words to describe how they are feeling. Therefore, they express their feelings by:

  • hitting out when they are angry and upset
  • crying, shouting and kicking
  • screaming to show that they are happy.

Children need to be supported to control their feelings. Feelings of anger, frustration, disappointment, sadness and shame can feel overwhelming to a young child. Learning that these emotions are normal and how to deal with them positively helps the child grow into an emotionally stable person and understand other people's feelings. As a child develops emotionally, they will be able to express a range of emotions and control feelings and behaviour in an appropriate manner.

Bonding, attachment and resilience

A baby will develop an emotional bond with their main carer during the first 18 months of their life, which is important as this provides them with stability and security. The strong attachment which develops between parents and their baby makes parents want to love and care for them. The attachment between the baby and mother starts immediately from birth as the baby responds to the love and attention they receive. A strong attachment gives the baby an appropriate foundation for life. Positive attachments are essential for good emotional development.

A child will feel safe and confident when they have a secure attachment with their primary carer enabling them to develop other social relationships. Safe attachments in childhood lead to happier and healthier attachments in the future. The ability to form and maintain relationships is essential for children as it supports their learning, growth, development and well-being. Providing secure attachments for the emotional needs of babies receive will be likely to help them cope better with pressure and frustration. Babies and young children with a positive sense are more likely to thrive and develop to their full potential knowing that their primary carer will comfort them when they’re distressed. This will lead to the development of a sense of value that is essential for healthy development. A safe attachment can help children to control their emotions and connect with others, aiding them in their social development.

Attachment disorder

If a child does not have a secure attachment with their primary carers, their needs will not be met. This can lead to confusion regarding their identity, and difficulties whilst learning and socialising with others as they get older.

Disinhibited attachment disorder (DAD) or disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED)

Disinhibited attachment disorder has recently been renamed as disinhibited social engagement disorder. Children with disinhibited social engagement disorder may be over-enthusiastic in forming attachment with others. They may wander with strangers or behave in a way that is too familiar with adults that they do not know. This can put children at risk of abuse or bullying.

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

Children with reactive attachment disorders are less likely to interact with other people due to their negative experiences with adults in their early years. They do not show a lot of emotion or regret if they have acted out of place. Children with a reactive attachment disorder will not show any emotion in situations that would normally elicit a response, such as when another child steals their toy. A child with a reactive attachment disorder may not be able to form close attachments to others or demonstrate the need for comfort or support from carers.

Further reading:

http://bit.ly/2T70gyz

Mae datblygiad emosiynol yn ymwneud â theimladau unigolyn am bobl, gwrthrychau, sefyllfaoedd a phrofiadau eraill. Mae oedolion yn gallu defnyddio geiriau i fynegi eu teimladau ac esbonio sut maen nhw'n teimlo. Ni all plant wneud hyn mor hawdd oherwydd efallai nad oes ganddynt y geiriau i ddisgrifio sut maen nhw'n teimlo. Felly, maent yn mynegi eu teimladau trwy:

  • taro allan pan yn ddig ac yn flin
  • crio, gweiddi a chicio
  • sgrechian i ddangos eu bod yn hapus.

Mae angen cefnogi plant wrth reoli eu teimladau. Gall teimladau o ddicter, rhwystredigaeth, siom, tristwch, a chywilydd deimlo'n llethol i blentyn bach. Mae dysgu bod yr emosiynau hyn yn normal a sut i ymdopi â nhw mewn modd cadarnhaol, yn helpu plentyn i dyfu i fod yn berson sefydlog yn emosiynol ac i ddeall teimladau eraill. Wrth i blant ddatblygu’n emosiynol gallent fynegi ystod o emosiynau a rheoli teimladau ac ymddygiad mewn ffordd briodol.

Bondio, ymlyniad a gwydnwch

Mae babi yn datblygu bond emosiynol gyda'i brif ofalwyr dros 18 mis cyntaf eu bywyd, sy’n bwysig gan ei fod yn rhoi sefydlogrwydd a diogelwch i’r babi. Mae’r ymlyniad cryf sy'n datblygu rhwng rhieni a'u babi yn gwneud i rieni eisiau rhoi llawer o gariad ac anwyldeb iddynt a gofalu amdanynt. Mae ymlyniad rhwng y babi â’i fam yn dechrau yn syth ar ôl geni wrth i’r babi ymateb i’r cariad a’r sylw y mae’n ei dderbyn. Mae ymlyniad cadarn yn rhoi sylfaen priodol i’r babi ar gyfer bywyd. Mae ymlyniadau cadarnhaol yn hanfodol ar gyfer datblygiad emosiynol da.

Bydd plentyn yn teimlo'n ddiogel ac yn hyderus pan fydd ganddo ymlyniad diogel gyda’i brif ofalwr a bydd hyn yn ei alluogi i feithrin perthnasau cymdeithasol eraill. Mae ymlyniadau diogel yn ystod plentyndod yn arwain at ymlyniadau hapusach ac iachach yn y dyfodol. Mae'r gallu i ffurfio a chynnal perthnasau yn hanfodol i blant gan ei fod yn cefnogi eu dysgu, twf, datblygiad a lles. Os bydd anghenion emosiynol babanod yn derbyn ymlyniad cadarn yna byddant yn gallu ymdopi â phwysau a rhwystredigaeth. Mae babanod a phlant ifanc sydd ag ymdeimlad cadarnhaol yn fwy tebygol o ffynnu a datblygu i'w llawn botensial ac yn gwybod y bydd eu gofalwr sylfaenol yn eu cysuro pan fyddant yn ofidus. Bydd hyn yn arwain at ddatblygu synnwyr o werth sy'n hanfodol ar gyfer datblygiad iach. Bydd ymlyniad diogel yn gymorth i blant reoli eu hemosiynau ac i gysylltu ag eraill, gan hyrwyddo eu datblygiad cymdeithasol. Mae ymlyniad diogel yn helpu plant i reoli straen, ac yn gallu lleihau effeithiau byw dan anfantais megis amgylchedd difreintiedig.

Anhwylderau ymlyniad

Os na fydd gan blentyn ymlyniad sicr â’i ofalwr sylfaenol ni fydd ei anghenion yn cael eu bodloni. Gall hyn arwain at ddryswch ynghylch eu hunaniaeth ac anawsterau wrth ddysgu ac ymwneud ag eraill wrth fynd yn hŷn.

Anhwylder ymlyniad ataliol neu anhwylder ymgysylltu cymdeithasol

Mae anhwylder ymlyniad ataliol wedi cael ei ail-enwi fel anhwylder ymgysylltu cymdeithasol yn ddiweddar. Gall blant sydd ag anhwylder ymgysylltu cymdeithasol fod yn rhy frwdfrydig wrth ffurfio ymlyniad ag eraill. Gallant grwydro â phobl ddiarth, neu ymddwyn mewn ffordd rhy gyfarwydd ag oedolion sy’n ddieithr iddynt. Gall hyn roi plant mewn perygl o gael eu cam-drin neu eu fwlio.

Anhwylder ymlyniad ymatebol

Mae plant ag anhwylder ymlyniad ymatebol yn llai tebygol o ryngweithio â phobl eraill oherwydd profiadau negyddol gydag oedolion yn eu blynyddoedd cynnar. Nid ydynt yn dangos llawer o emosiwn nac yn dangos edifeirwch, wedi iddynt wneud rhywbeth o’i le. Ni fydd plant ag anhwylder ymlyniad ymatebol yn dangos unrhyw emosiwn mewn sefyllfaoedd a fyddai fel arfer yn ennyn ymateb er enghraifft wrth i blentyn arall ddwyn eu tegan. Efallai na fydd plentyn ag anhwylder ymlyniad ymatebol yn gallu ffurfio ymlyniadau agos ag eraill, na dangos eu bod angen cysur neu gefnogaeth gan ofalwyr.

Darllen pellach:

http://bit.ly/2T70gyz

Stages of emotional development

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Camau datblygiad emosiynol

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