Physical factors that affect the health, well-being and development of children

Ffactorau corfforol sy’n effeithio ar iechyd, llesiant a datblygiad plant

DNA strand

Genetic Conditions

Just as individuals inherit characteristics such as eye colour from their parents, some medical conditions can be transferred to children by their parents. These are called genetic or hereditary defects. A genetic defect exists due to the presence of an abnormal gene in an individual's genetic make-up. This may be passed down from one or both parents but this may not be the case each time (for example, Down's syndrome).

Children may inherit a number of medical conditions and diseases from their parents which can affect their growth or physical development. These include:

  • Cystic fibrosis - this causes a sticky mucus to build up on the lungs and digestive system. It causes breathing difficulties, coughing and patients may suffer from chest infections on a regular basis and have trouble gaining weight and growing.
  • Haemophilia - this affects the blood's ability to form clots and only boys are affected normally. After suffering an injury the bleeding will continue for much longer than usual.
  • Huntington's disease - over time this condition will prevent parts of the brain from functioning. It starts from 30-50 years old and gradually gets worse.
  • Sickle cell anaemia - a serious blood condition which causes bouts of anaemia, pain, jaundice and infection. Patients with the condition have a high risk of developing other serious diseases.
  • Muscular dystrophy - a condition which involves the increasing destruction of the muscles. The muscles slowly weaken so that everyday activities become more difficult.
  • Thalassemia - this affects the red blood cells which causes anaemia, which may lead to excessive tiredness and shortness of breath.
  • X fragile - a condition which causes a range of physical, behavioural and developmental problems. Patients may suffer from learning difficulties, autistic characteristics, anxiety and shyness, and poor muscular tone.
  • Hunter's syndrome - a metabolic condition which does not display any signs or symptoms until the child is between two and four years old. These may include problems with the muscles, numbness and weakness in the hands. A child may suffer from considerable coughing, colds, and sinus and throat infections.

Children with genetic defects may miss school due to infections and periods of hospitalisation which will affect their intellectual development. Children will lose out on opportunities to develop relationships with other children which can then affect their social and emotional development.

Cyflyrau Genetig

Fel y mae unigolion yn etifeddu nodweddion megis lliw llygaid gan eu rhieni, gellir trosglwyddo rhai cyflyrau meddygol i blentyn gan eu rhieni. Gelwir y rhain yn anhwylderau genetig neu etifeddol. Mae anhwylder genetig yn bodoli oherwydd presenoldeb genyn annormal mewn cyfansoddiad genetig unigolyn. Gall hyn gael ei etifeddu gan un neu'r ddau riant ond efallai na fydd hyn bob amser yn wir (er enghraifft, syndrom Down).

Gall blant etifeddu nifer o gyflyrau meddygol ac afiechydon gan eu rhieni sy’n gallu effeithio ar eu tyfiant neu ar eu datblygiad corfforol. Mae'r rhain yn cynnwys:

  • Ffibrosis cystig - mae hyn yn achosi mwcws gludiog i ddatblygu ar yr ysgyfaint a'r system dreulio. Ceir anhawster anadlu, peswch ac mae'n bosib y bydd gan gleifion heintiau'r frest yn rheolaidd a thrafferth magu pwysau a thyfu.
  • Hemoffilia - mae hyn yn effeithio ar allu'r gwaed i glotio ac fel arfer dim ond bechgyn sy’n cael eu heffeithio. Ar ôl anaf, bydd gwaedu’n parhau am lawer hirach nag arfer.
  • Clefyd Huntington - mae'r cyflwr hwn dros amser yn atal rhan o'r ymennydd rhag gweithio. Mae'n dechrau rhwng 30 a 50 oed ac yn gwaethygu'n raddol.
  • Anemia cryman-gell - cyflwr gwaed difrifol sy'n achosi pyliau o anaemia, poen, clefyd melyn a haint. Mae gan gleifion sydd â'r cyflwr risg uwch o ddatblygu heintiau difrifol eraill.
  • Dystroffi’r cyhyrau - cyflwr sy’n ymwneud â dinistriad cynyddol y cyhyrau. Mae gwendid cyhyrol yn cynyddu’n araf fel bod gweithgareddau bob dydd yn mynd yn anoddach.
  • Thalasemia - mae hyn yn effeithio ar y celloedd gwaed coch sy'n achosi anemia, a all arwain at flinder eithafol a diffyg anadl.
  • X fregus - cyflwr sy’n achosi ystod o broblemau corfforol, ymddygiadol a datblygiadol. Gall cleifion fod ag anawsterau dysgu, nodweddion awtistiaeth, pryder a swildod, a thôn cyhyrau gwael.
  • Syndrom Hunter - anhwylder metabolig nad yw'n dangos arwyddion a symptomau nes bod plentyn rhwng dau a phedair oed. Gall y rhain gynnwys problemau â’r cymalau, diffrwythder a gwendid yn y dwylo. Gall plentyn ddioddef gyda llawer o besychu, anwydau, a heintiau sinws a’r gwddf.

Gall plant ag anhwylder genetig golli ysgol oherwydd yr heintiau a chyfnodau yn yr ysbyty a bydd hyn yn effeithio ar eu datblygiad deallusol. Bydd plant yn colli cyfleoedd i ddatblygu perthnasoedd gyda phlant eraill a allai wedyn effeithio ar eu datblygiad cymdeithasol ac emosiynol.

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Physical factors that affect health and well-being

Drag the terms to the correct definitions.

Ffactorau corfforol

Llusgwch yr opsiynau a’u gosod yn y drefn rydych chi’n credu sy’n gywir.

Terms

Termau

Definitions

Diffiniadau

Correct answers

Atebion cywir

        Physical factors that affect health and well-being

        Ffactorau corfforol

        Disability

        Individuals may be born with a disability or they may develop a disability at any point due to an accident, disease or degeneration caused by age.


        Sensory disabilities

        Sensory disabilities affect the senses (e.g. seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, tasting). There are a number of conditions which would be considered sensory disabilities, including:

        • Autism - lifelong developmental disability. Autistic people can be very sensitive to loud noises, bright lights and being touched.
        • Sight loss - this may be present from birth or it may occur later. Sight loss includes blindness and partial sight.
        • Deafness - this may be present from birth or it may occur later. It may occur due to head trauma, infections such as meningitis or it may be hereditary.
        • Anosmia - lack of smell which may occur following a head trauma or infection.
        • Somatosensory impairment - the inability to feel heat, pain nor light touch. This may be caused by a number of factors including stroke, head trauma and cerebral palsy.

        Physical disabilities

        A physical disability is any disability which limits an individual's physical ability or mobility. This may occur following a disease or an accident, but some conditions may be genetic. These include:

        • Cerebral palsy - this affects movement and coordination. It may also cause problems with speech and sight and in some cases learning difficulties. The part of the brain which controls movement or gesture has been damaged or cannot develop.
        • Spina bifida - this occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not develop properly in the womb. It may cause problems with mobility or paralysis and incontinence. Some children may also have learning difficulties.
        • Multiple sclerosis - a condition which affects the body's nervous system. It may lead to sight loss, excessive tiredness and mobility issues. It may also affect a person's ability to think and learn.
        • Dwarfism - a condition which limits growth. People grow very slowly with the body, legs and arms shorter than usual.

        Learning disabilities

        Learning disabilities affect how a person learns new things. These disabilities may be light, medium or intense. They can include:

        • Down's syndrome - this is caused by additional chromosomes in the cells and is not generally hereditary. It may affect a child's appearance and development.
        • William's syndrome - children with the syndrome may take more time to learn how to walk, talk and develop social skills. It can also cause heart problems.

        Anabledd

        Gall unigolion gael eu geni ag anabledd neu gallant gaffael anabledd ar unrhyw adeg yn eu bywyd oherwydd damwain, afiechyd neu ddirywiad y corff oherwydd oedran.


        Anableddau synhwyriad

        Mae anabledd synhwyraidd yn effeithio'r synhwyrau (e.e. gweld, clywed, arogli, cyffwrdd, blasu). Mae nifer o gyflyrau a fyddai'n cael eu hystyried fel anableddau synhwyraidd, gan gynnwys:

        • Awtistiaeth - anabledd datblygiadol gydol oes. Gall pobl awtistig fod yn sensitif iawn i synau uchel, goleuadau llachar neu os ydynt yn cael eu cyffwrdd.
        • Nam ar y golwg - gall fod yn bresennol o enedigaeth neu gall ddigwydd yn ddiweddarach. Mae nam ar y golwg yn cynnwys bod yn ddall a gweld yn rhannol.
        • Nam ar y clyw - gall fod yn bresennol o enedigaeth neu gall ddigwydd yn ddiweddarach. Gall ddigwydd oherwydd anaf i’r pen, heintiau fel llid yr ymennydd neu gall fod yn etifeddol.
        • Anosmia – colli synnwyr arogli sy’n gallu digwydd yn dilyn anaf i’r pen neu haint.
        • Amhariad Somatosensory - anallu i deimlo gwres, poen neu gyffyrddiad ysgafn. Gall gael ei achosi gan nifer o ffactorau gan gynnwys strôc, anaf i'r pen a pharlys yr ymennydd.

        Anableddau corfforol

        Anabledd corfforol yw unrhyw anabledd sy'n cyfyngu ar allu corfforol neu symudedd unigolyn. Gall hyn ddigwydd yn dilyn clefyd neu ddamwain, ond gall rhai cyflyrau fod yn genetig. Mae'r rhain yn cynnwys:

        • Parlys yr ymennydd - mae hyn yn effeithio ar symudiad a chydlyniad. Gall hefyd achosi problemau lleferydd a golwg ac mewn rhai achosion anawsterau dysgu. Mae’r rhan o’r ymennydd sy’n rheoli symudiad neu ystum wedi ei niweidio neu’n methu datblygu.
        • Spina bifida - yn digwydd pan nad yw asgwrn cefn a llinyn y cefn yn datblygu’n iawn yn y groth. Gall achosi problemau symud neu barlys ac anymataliad. Efallai y bydd gan rai plant anableddau dysgu hefyd.
        • Parlys ymledol - cyflwr sy’n effeithio ar system nerfau’r corff. Gall arwain at golli golwg, blinder eithriadol a phroblemau symud. Gall hefyd effeithio ar allu person i feddwl a dysgu.
        • Corachedd - cyflwr sy’n achosi twf cyfyngedig. Bydd pobl yn tyfu'n araf iawn gyda’r corff, coesau a breichiau yn fyrrach na'r arfer.

        Anableddau dysgu

        Mae anableddau dysgu yn effeithio ar sut mae person yn dysgu pethau newydd. Gall yr anableddau hyn fod yn ysgafn, canolig neu ddwys. Gall y cyflyrau gynnwys:

        • Syndrom Down - yn cael ei achosi gan gromosomau ychwanegol yn y celloedd ac yn gyffredinol nid yw’n anhwylder etifeddol. Gall effeithio ar ymddangosiad a datblygiad plentyn.
        • Syndrom Williams - bydd plant sydd â’r syndrom yn cymryd mwy o amser i ddysgu sut i gerdded, siarad a datblygu sgiliau cymdeithasol. Gall hefyd achosi problemau ar y galon.

        Physical factors that affect health and well-being

        Ffactorau corfforol

        Sensory Disability

        Anabledd Synhwyraidd

        Physical Disability

        Anabledd Corfforol


        Learning Disability

        Anabledd Dysgu

                      Physical factors that affect health and well-being

                      Ffactorau corfforol

                      Mother feeding her baby

                      Diet and Nutrition

                      A balanced diet is important and leads to:

                      • more energy
                      • better moods
                      • a healthy weight
                      • improved sleep
                      • clearer skin
                      • reduced risk of chronic health conditions such as heart disease, stroke and cancer.

                      Hydration

                      The body uses water in every cell, organ and tissue. We lose water when breathing, sweating and digesting food. Rehydration replenishes the water that is lost which is important as it:

                      • helps to prevent the mouth from becoming dry which can cause bad breath
                      • promotes good cardiovascular health
                      • helps to regulate the body's temperature
                      • eases the joints and helps the muscles to work more efficiently
                      • helps the kidneys to remove waste from the blood.

                      Breast feeding

                      Studies have shown that breast feeding for the first six months gives the baby the best start in life.

                      The benefits to baby's health and development include:

                      • reduced risk of infection
                      • reduced risk of diarrhoea and vomiting
                      • reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome
                      • reduced risk of obesity.

                      Weaning

                      During the first six months, babies will only need breast milk or formula. After this, foods should be introduced gradually in order to avoid the risk of allergies. The first stages of weaning help to provide a basis for healthy eating habits, and teaches babies how to eat from a spoon, bite and swallow.

                      Diet a Maeth

                      Mae diet cytbwys yn bwysig ac yn arwain at:

                      • mwy o egni
                      • hwyliau gwell
                      • cadw pwysau iach
                      • cysgu’n well
                      • croen cliriach
                      • lleihau'r risg o gyflyrau iechyd cronig fel clefyd y galon, strôc a chanser.

                      Hydradiad

                      Mae'r corff yn defnyddio dŵr ym mhob cell, organ a meinwe. Rydym yn colli dŵr wrth anadlu, chwysu a threulio bwyd. Mae ail-hydradu’n rhoi’r dŵr rydym yn ei golli yn ôl ac mae hyn yn bwysig gan:

                      • helpu i atal y geg rhag sychu a all achosi anadl ddrwg
                      • hyrwyddo iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd da
                      • helpu i reoleiddio tymheredd y corff
                      • yn lleddfu cymalau ac yn helpu’r cyhyrau i weithio’n fwy effeithlon
                      • helpu’r arennau i gael gwared ar wastraff o’r gwaed.

                      Bwydo o’r fron

                      Mae astudiaethau wedi canfod bod bwydo o’r fron am y chwe mis cyntaf o fywyd yn rhoi'r cychwyn gorau i faban.

                      Mae’r manteision i iechyd a datblygiad babanod yn cynnwys:

                      • lleihau’r risg o heintiau
                      • lleihau’r risg o ddolur rhydd a chwydu
                      • lleihau’r risg o syndrom marwolaeth sydyn babanod
                      • lleihau’r risg o ordewdra.

                      Diddyfnu

                      Yn ystod y chwe mis cyntaf o fywyd, dim ond llaeth y fron neu fformiwla y bydd ei angen ar fabanod. Ar ôl hyn, dylid cyflwyno bwydydd yn raddol er mwyn atal y risg o alergedd. Mae’r camau cyntaf o ddiddyfnu yn helpu i roi sylfaen ar gyfer arferion bwyta’n iach, ac mae’n dysgu babi sut i fwyta o lwy, cnoi a llyncu.

                      Physical factors that affect health and well-being

                      Drag the physical factor benefits to the correct column.

                      Ffactorau corfforol

                      Llusgwch fanteision y ffactorau corfforol i’r golofn gywir.





                              Physical factors that affect health and well-being

                              Ffactorau corfforol

                              Children playing basketball

                              Physical activities

                              Physical activity can affect health, development and well-being in a number of positive ways.

                              0-5 year olds

                              Babies, young children and pre-school children should be encouraged to move as much as possible through physical play. This will have the following positive impacts:

                              • developing movement and coordination skills
                              • supporting learning and social skills
                              • maintaining a healthy weight
                              • supporting the development of bones and muscles
                              • supporting the learning of social skills
                              • improved cardiovascular health.

                              5 – 18 year olds

                              So that children stay healthy, they need to participate in three types of activities each week:

                              • aerobic exercise such as swimming or running
                              • physical exercise which strengthens the bones such as cycling or dancing
                              • physical exercise which strengthens the muscles such as climbing or gymnastics.

                              Such physical exercise will ensure the following benefits:

                              • improved cardiovascular health
                              • a healthy weight
                              • improved bone health
                              • improved self-esteem
                              • development of social skills.

                              Gweithgareddau corfforol

                              Gall gweithgarwch corfforol dyddiol effeithio ar iechyd, datblygiad a lles mewn nifer o ffyrdd cadarnhaol.

                              Plant 0 – 5 oed

                              Dylid annog babanod, plant bach a phlant cyn ysgol i symud cymaint â phosib trwy chwarae corfforol. Bydd hyn yn cael yr effeithiau cadarnhaol canlynol:

                              • datblygu sgiliau symud a chydsymudiad
                              • cefnogi dysgu a sgiliau cymdeithasol
                              • cynnal pwysau iach
                              • cefnogi datblygiad esgyrn a chyhyrau
                              • cefnogi dysgu sgiliau cymdeithasol
                              • gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd.

                              Plant 5 – 18

                              Er mwyn i blant aros yn iach, mae angen iddynt wneud tri math o weithgareddau bob wythnos:

                              • ymarfer corff aerobig fel nofio neu redeg
                              • ymarfer corff sy’n cryfhau’r esgyrn fel beicio neu ddawnsio
                              • ymarfer corff sy’n cryfhau’r cyhyrau fel dringo neu gymnasteg.

                              Bydd ymarfer corff o’r fath yn rhoi’r manteision cadarnhaol canlynol:

                              • gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd
                              • cynnal pwysau iach
                              • gwella iechyd yr esgyrn
                              • gwella hunanhyder
                              • datblygu sgiliau cymdeithasol.

                              Physical factors that affect health and well-being

                              Drag the correct word to the space in order to complete the sentences on how physical activity affects children and young people's health, development and well-being.

                              Ffactorau corfforol

                              Llusgwch y gair cywir i’r bwlch er mwyn gorffen y brawddegau am sut mae gweithgarwch corfforol yn effeithio ar iechyd, datblygiad a lles plant a phobl ifanc.


                              Your Answers

                              0-5 year olds

                              Babies, young children and pre-school children should be encouraged to move as much as possible through physical play. In doing so they will develop movement and coordination skills which will assist them to maintain a healthy weight. This helps to develop bones and muscles and improves cardiovascular health. This can also lead to learning social skills.


                              5 – 18 year olds

                              So that children stay healthy, they need to participate in three types of activities each week, namely aerobic exercise, such as swimming or running, physical exercise which strengthens the bones such as cycling or dancing and physical exercise which strengthens the muscles such as climbing or gymnastics.

                              Such physical exercise will provide cardiovascular benefits and strengthen the bones ensuring that obesity does not become an issue. This type of exercise can also improve self-esteem and develop social skills further.

                              Correct answers

                              0-5 year olds

                              Babies, young children and pre-school children should be encouraged to move as much as possible through physical play. In doing so they will develop movement and coordination skills which will assist them to maintain a healthy weight. This helps to develop bones and muscles and improves cardiovascular health. This can also lead to learning social skills.

                              5 – 18 year olds

                              So that children stay healthy, they need to participate in three types of activities each week, namely aerobic exercise, such as swimming or running, physical exercise which strengthens the bones such as cycling or dancing and physical exercise which strengthens the muscles such as climbing or gymnastics.

                              Such physical exercise will provide cardiovascular benefits and strengthen the bones ensuring that obesity does not become an issue. This type of exercise can also improve self-esteem and develop social skills further.


                              Eich ateb

                              Plant 0 – 5 oed

                              Dylid annog babanod, plant bach a phlant cyn ysgol i symud cymaint â phosib trwy chwarae corfforol. Wrth wneud hyn byddant yn datblygu sgiliau symud a chydsymud a fydd yn gymorth i gynnal pwysau iach. Mae hyn yn gymorth i ddatblygu esgyrn a chyhyrau a gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd. Gall hyn hefyd arwain at ddysgu sgiliau cymdeithasol.

                              Plant 5 - 18

                              Er mwyn i blant aros yn iach, mae angen iddynt wneud tri math o weithgareddau bob wythnos sef ymarfer corff aerobig fel nofio neu redeg, ymarfer corff sy’n cryfhau’r esgyrn fel beicio neu ddawnsio ac ymarfer corff sy’n cryfhau’r cyhyrau fel dringo neu gymnasteg.

                              Bydd ymarfer corff o’r fath yn gwella cynnig manteision cardiofasgwlaidd ac yn cryfhau’r esgyrn gan sicrhau nad yw gordewdra yn broblem. Gall ymarfer fel hyn hefyd wella hunanhyder a datblygu sgiliau cymdeithasol pellach.

                              Atebion cywir

                              Plant 0 – 5 oed

                              Dylid annog babanod, plant bach a phlant cyn ysgol i symud cymaint â phosib trwy chwarae corfforol. Wrth wneud hyn byddant yn datblygu sgiliau symud a chydsymud a fydd yn gymorth i gynnal pwysau iach. Mae hyn yn gymorth i ddatblygu esgyrn a chyhyrau a gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd. Gall hyn hefyd arwain at ddysgu sgiliau cymdeithasol.

                              Plant 5 - 18

                              Er mwyn i blant aros yn iach, mae angen iddynt wneud tri math o weithgareddau bob wythnos sef ymarfer corff aerobig fel nofio neu redeg, ymarfer corff sy’n cryfhau’r esgyrn fel beicio neu ddawnsio ac ymarfer corff sy’n cryfhau’r cyhyrau fel dringo neu gymnasteg.

                              Bydd ymarfer corff o’r fath yn gwella cynnig manteision cardiofasgwlaidd ac yn cryfhau’r esgyrn gan sicrhau nad yw gordewdra yn broblem. Gall ymarfer fel hyn hefyd wella hunanhyder a datblygu sgiliau cymdeithasol pellach.

                              Physical factors that affect health and well-being

                              Ffactorau corfforol

                              Illness and disease

                              A number of diseases may affect children's growth and development.

                              These include:

                              • congenital heart disease
                              • asthma
                              • cystic fibrosis
                              • coeliac disease
                              • Crohn's disease
                              • kidney disease
                              • epilepsy
                              • measles
                              • diabetes.

                              In some cases, the illness or medicine used to treat the illness may affect a child's growth. This may restrict opportunities to develop as children will be unable to participate in physical activities. Pain and regular hospital visits may affect mental health too. Minor illnesses such as tonsillitis, coughs, colds and diarrhoea may lead to being absent from school which can impact a child's intellectual and social development. More serious illnesses such as meningitis or measles may leave the individual with a long-term disability such as sight loss or hearing loss, and with meningitis children can lose limbs.

                              Salwch ac afiechydon

                              Mae nifer o afiechydon a all effeithio ar dwf a datblygiad plentyn. Mae'r rhain yn cynnwys:

                              • clefyd cynhenid y galon
                              • asthma
                              • ffibrosis cystig
                              • clefyd coeliag
                              • clefyd Crohn
                              • clefyd aren
                              • epilepsi
                              • brech goch
                              • diabetes.

                              Mewn rhai achosion, gall un ai’r salwch neu’r meddyginiaethau a ddefnyddir i drin y salwch effeithio ar dwf plentyn. Gall hyn gyfyngu ar gyfleoedd datblygu wrth i blant fethu a chymryd rhan mewn gweithgareddau corfforol. Gall poen ac ymweliadau rheolaidd â’r ysbyty effeithio ar iechyd meddwl hefyd. Mae anhwylderau mân fel tonsilitis, pesychu, annwyd a dolur rhydd yn achosi absenoldeb o'r ysgol a all effeithio ar ddatblygiad deallusol a chymdeithasol plentyn. Gall salwch mwy difrifol fel llid yr ymennydd a'r frech goch adael yr unigolyn ag anabledd hirdymor fel colli clyw neu olwg a gyda llid yr ymennydd gall blentyn golli breichiau neu goesau.

                              Physical factors that affect health and well-being

                              Rearrange the letters in order to find illnesses or conditions which can impact children's growth and development.

                              Ffactorau corfforol

                              Aildrefnwch y llythrennau i ddod o hyd i afiechydon neu gyflyrau a all effeithio ar dwf a datblygiad plentyn.

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