Creation: skills and abilities

Creu: sgiliau a galluoedd

This includes:

  • imagination
  • boldness
  • inventiveness
  • curiosity
  • ability
  • skill
  • invention
  • building
  • design
  • expression.

As individuals, we feel the need to develop and improve the environment and world around us by creating and making. These needs are in part responsible for our ability as individuals to develop. What is created may be an object or a service etc. The purpose of creation is to contribute. Some individuals are creative beings with a need to create and be creative. Creative activities do not always have to have an end product and can contribute to an individual’s sense of well-being on their own. A child’s ability to create develops at an early age and is supported in a range of early years activities, e.g. painting, role play, imaginative play, modelling. These skills continue to develop and are then applied by individuals both in their workplaces and leisure activities, contributing to a sense of satisfaction and well-being. Where creative opportunities are denied, individuals may experience a sense of frustration and limitation of their abilities.

Mae hyn yn cynnwys:

  • dychymyg
  • menter
  • dyfeisgarwch
  • chwilfrydedd
  • gallu
  • sgìl
  • dyfeisio
  • adeiladu
  • dylunio
  • mynegiant.

Fel unigolion, rydyn ni'n teimlo bod angen i ni ddatblygu a gwella'r amgylchedd a'r byd o'n cwmpas ni drwy greu a gwneud. Yr anghenion hyn sy’n gyfrifol yn rhannol am ein gallu fel unigolion i ddatblygu. Mae'r hyn rydyn ni'n ei greu yn gallu bod yn wrthrych neu'n wasanaeth ac ati. Pwrpas creu yw cyfrannu. Mae rhai unigolion yn bobl greadigol sydd ag angen i greu ac i fod yn greadigol. Does dim rhaid bod cynnyrch terfynol i weithgareddau creadigol bob amser, a gallan nhw gyfrannu i ymdeimlad unigolyn o lesiant ar eu pennau eu hunain. Mae gallu plentyn i greu yn datblygu pan mae'n ifanc iawn ac mae amrywiaeth o weithgareddau'r blynyddoedd cynnar yn cefnogi hyn, e.e. peintio, chwarae rôl, chwarae dychmygus, modelu. Mae'r sgiliau hyn yn parhau i ddatblygu ac yna mae unigolion yn eu cymhwyso nhw yn eu gweithleoedd a hefyd yn eu gweithgareddau hamdden. Mae hyn yn cyfrannu at ymdeimlad o foddhad a llesiant. Os nad yw unigolion yn cael cyfleoedd creadigol, efallai byddan nhw’n teimlo'n rhwystredig a bod eu galluoedd yn cael eu cyfyngu.

Creation: skills and abilities

Creu: sgiliau a galluoedd

When you think you know the answer, click on the letters used to spell out the word. If you are correct that letter will turn green and will appear on the dashed line. If you are incorrect the letter will turn red and you will lose a life. You have 5 lives available to complete the activity. Pan fyddwch chi’n credu eich bod yn gwybod yr ateb, cliciwch ar y llythrennau a ddefnyddir i sillafu’r gair. Os ydych yn gywir mi fydd y llythyren yn troi’n wyrdd ac yn ymddangos ar y llinell doredig. Os ydych yn anghywir mi fydd y llythyren yn troi’n goch a fyddwch yn colli bywyd. Mae gennych chi 5 bywyd i gwblhau’r gweithgaredd.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Pyramid of basic human needs

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a well-established theory of human motivation by Abraham Maslow. It asserts that an individual’s behaviour is based on their needs.

Maslow’s theory is based on the belief that individuals have several different types of needs, and these needs must be satisfied in a particular order before the person can develop further.

Therefore, Maslow identified that satisfaction of such needs influences an individual’s behaviour.

Anghenion dynol sylfaenol

Mae hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow yn ddamcaniaeth cymhelliant dynol gan Abraham Maslow sydd wedi hen ymsefydlu. Mae'n honni bod ymddygiad unigolyn yn seiliedig ar ei anghenion.

Mae damcaniaeth Maslow yn seiliedig ar y gred bod gan unigolion sawl math gwahanol o anghenion. Rhaid i'r anghenion hyn gael eu bodloni mewn trefn benodol cyn gall y person ddatblygu ymhellach.

Felly, nododd Maslow fod bodloni anghenion fel hyn yn dylanwadu ar ymddygiad unigolyn.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Explain how health and social workers can use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to promote health and well-being.

Tip: Find out what the basic human needs are and then choose a health/social care setting, e.g. residential care home for adults or children.

Esboniwch sut mae gweithwyr iechyd a chymdeithasol yn gallu defnyddio hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow i hyrwyddo iechyd a llesiant.

Awgrym: Chwiliwch i weld beth yw'r anghenion dynol sylfaenol ac yna dewiswch leoliad iechyd/gofal cymdeithasol, e.e. cartref gofal preswyl i oedolion neu i blant.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Basic physiological needs

Physiological needs are basic needs which must be met first, before they can satisfy their safety and security needs.

A care worker could meet basic needs by offering a healthy diet to individuals who are living in that care home. Offering a healthy diet will promote health/well-being because individuals who eat a healthy diet are more likely to have better cognitive function and better circulation.

A care worker could meet basic needs by ensuring that individuals are offered regular drinks (not too much alcohol). It is extremely important that individuals 65+ are kept hydrated, as many individuals within this life stage do not feel as thirsty as other age groups.

A care worker can ensure that there is enough heating within the care home and the individual’s room. Ensuring there is sufficient heating will reduce the chance of hypothermia, as individuals who 65+ are at more risk.

Basic physiological needs

Mae anghenion ffisiolegol yn anghenion sylfaenol y mae'n rhaid eu bodloni’n gyntaf, cyn gallu bodloni anghenion diogelwch a sicrwydd.

Byddai gweithiwr gofal yn gallu bodloni anghenion sylfaenol drwy gynnig deiet iach i unigolion sy'n byw yn y cartref gofal hwnnw. Bydd cynnig deiet iach yn hyrwyddo iechyd/llesiant gan fod unigolion sy'n bwyta deiet iach yn fwy tebygol o fod â swyddogaeth wybyddol well a chylchrediad gwell.

Byddai gweithiwr gofal yn gallu bodloni anghenion sylfaenol drwy sicrhau bod unigolion yn cael cynnig diodydd rheolaidd (dim gormod o alcohol). Mae'n eithriadol o bwysig bod unigolion 65+ yn cael eu cadw wedi'u hydradu, gan nad yw llawer o unigolion yn y cam bywyd hwn yn teimlo mor sychedig â grwpiau oedran eraill.

Mae gweithiwr gofal yn gallu sicrhau bod digon o wres yn y cartref gofal ac ystafell yr unigolyn. Bydd sicrhau bod digon o wres yn lleihau'r siawns o hypothermia, gan fod mwy o risg i unigolion sy'n 65+ oed.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Safety and security needs

Safety needs include a place of safety, security of persons and belongings, freedom from fear and anxiety and help and support with worries/personal concerns.

This can be met using:

  • security codes
  • alarms
  • DBS checks for all staff and anti-discriminatory practice.

One example of anti-discriminatory practice is that individuals have the right to be treated in a dignified way, e.g. ensuring that the individual has privacy when receiving personal care by closing curtains and doors as appropriate.

Safety and security needs

Mae anghenion diogelwch yn cynnwys lle diogel, diogelwch personau ac eiddo, rhyddid rhag ofn a phryder, a help a chefnogaeth gyda gofidiau/materion personol.

Mae'n bosibl bodloni hyn gan ddefnyddio:

  • codau diogelwch
  • larymau
  • gwiriadau'r Gwasanaeth Datgelu a Gwahardd (DBS) ar gyfer pob aelod o staff ac arfer anwahaniaethol.

Un enghraifft o arfer anwahaniaethol yw bod gan unigolion hawl i gael eu trin ag urddas, e.e. sicrhau bod preifatrwydd gan yr unigolyn wrth gael gofal personol drwy gau llenni a drysau fel sy'n briodol.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Love and belonging needs

Love and belonging needs are:

  • acceptance
  • a sense of belonging
  • social support and friendship
  • loving relationships.

These can be met by:

  • ensuring individuals are respected and accepted for who they are
  • involving everyone in activities
  • encouraging families/friends to visit
  • offering to attend a medical appointment with the individual.

According to NHS, involving individuals in activities improves mobility, and regular activities can reduce the risk of falling.

Love and belonging needs

Anghenion cariad a pherthyn yw:

  • derbyniad
  • ymdeimlad o berthyn
  • cefnogaeth gymdeithasol a chyfeillgarwch
  • perthnasoedd cariadus.

Mae'n bosibl bodloni'r rhain drwy:

  • sicrhau bod unigolion yn cael eu parchu a'u derbyn am bwy ydyn nhw
  • cynnwys pawb mewn gweithgareddau
  • annog teuluoedd/ffrindiau i ymweld
  • cynnig mynd i apwyntiad meddygol gyda'r unigolyn.

Yn ôl y GIG, mae cynnwys unigolion mewn gweithgareddau yn gwella symudedd, ac mae gweithgareddau rheolaidd yn gallu lleihau'r risg o gwympo.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Self-esteem

Self-esteem is a sense of personal value, self-worth, self-respect, recognition by others and being well thought of by others.

This can be met by:

  • encouraging individuals to voice their opinions
  • respecting these opinions
  • encouraging individuals to remain independent by supporting them to do as much as they can for themselves
  • acknowledging strengths, e.g. talents, abilities and positive characteristics.
<<<<<<< HEAD

Mae hunan-barch yn ymdeimlad o werth personol, hunan-werth, cydnabyddiaeth gan eraill a bod eraill yn meddwl yn dda amdanoch chi.

Mae'n bosibl bodloni hyn drwy:

======= Self-esteem

Mae hunan-barch yn ymdeimlad o werth personol, hunan-werth, cael eich cydnabod gan eraill a bod eraill yn meddwl yn dda amdanoch chi.

Mae'n bosibl bodloni hyn drwy

>>>>>>> sarah
  • annog unigolion i leisio eu barn
  • parchu'r farn honno
  • annog unigolion i gadw’n annibynnol drwy eu cefnogi i wneud cymaint ag y gallan nhw drostyn nhw eu hunain
  • cydnabod cryfderau, e.e. talentau, galluoedd a nodweddion cadarnhaol.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Hierarchaeth anghenion Maslow

Self-actualisation

Self-actualisation is achieving one’s full potential.

This can be met by:

  • providing opportunities for individuals to pursue personal interests such as hobbies
  • finding new pursuits or interests, such as lifelong learning, and encouraging individuals to support one another.

For example, Christine has been living in the care home for 15 years and Ruth has just moved in. Christine could be encouraged to support Ruth and help her settle into her new surroundings. This would help both Christine and Ruth as it would reduce anxiety and potentially raise Christine’s self-esteem as she’d feel valued and respected.

Self-actualisation

Hunansylweddoli yw cyflawni eich potensial llawn.

Mae'n bosibl bodloni hyn drwy:

  • gynnig cyfleoedd i unigolion ddilyn diddordebau personol fel hobïau
  • dod o hyd i hobïau neu ddiddordebau newydd, fel dysgu gydol oes, ac annog unigolion i gefnogi ei gilydd.

Er enghraifft, mae Christine yn byw yn y cartref gofal ers 15 mlynedd ac mae Ruth newydd symud i mewn. Byddai'n bosibl annog Christine i gefnogi Ruth a'i helpu i ymgartrefu yn ei hamgylchedd newydd. Byddai hyn yn helpu Christine a Ruth. Byddai'n lleihau pryder Ruth ac mae'n bosibl y byddai'n codi hunan-barch Christine gan y byddai hi'n teimlo ei bod hi'n cael ei gwerthfawrogi a'i pharchu.

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development

Wyth cam datblygiad seicogymdeithasol Erikson

Dementia and mental health recovery

Erikson believed that individuals continue to develop across their lifespan.

Erikson identified that early experiences can provide a foundation for later development.

Erikson identified that individuals could change and that life stages are seen in terms of crises/dilemmas. He argued that each stage must have a positive or a negative outcome.

Roedd Erikson yn credu bod unigolion yn parhau i ddatblygu ar draws eu rhychwant oes.

Nododd Erikson fod profiadau cynnar yn gallu bod yn sylfaen ar gyfer datblygiad diweddarach.

Nododd Erikson fod unigolion yn gallu newid a bod camau bywyd yn cael eu gweld yn nhermau argyfyngau/dilemâu. Roedd yn dadlau bod rhaid bod canlyniad cadarnhaol neu negyddol i bob cam.

https://bit.ly/3bloFrR

Psychosocial theory

Damcaniaeth seicogymdeithasol

Susan grew up in North Wales and won awards for her artwork. She is a mother to two daughters and is now a grandmother. Her main regret is that she did not achieve a degree in Art. She recently moved into a care home as she requires more help with her health/social care. Susan is 76.

Explain how health and social care workers can use Erkison’s psychosocial theory to promote health and well-being for Susan.

Tyfodd Susan i fyny yng Ngogledd Cymru ac enillodd wobrau am ei gwaith celf. Mae hi'n fam i ddwy ferch, ac erbyn hyn mae hi'n nain. Y peth mae hi'n edifar amdano fwyaf yw na chafodd hi radd mewn Celf. Yn ddiweddar, symudodd i gartref gofal gan fod rhaid iddi gael mwy o help gyda'i hiechyd/gofal cymdeithasol. Mae Susan yn 76 oed.

Esboniwch sut mae gweithwyr iechyd a chymdeithasol yn gallu defnyddio damcaniaeth seicogymdeithasol Erikson i hyrwyddo iechyd a llesiant Susan.

Suggested response

Susan would be at Erkison’s stage of ego integrity vs despair.

Erkison’s theory differs a lot from other theories as it focuses on the whole lifespan. Erkison’s theory could help care workers who are supporting Susan by recognising that an individual’s behaviour will be strongly influenced by their previous experiences. In this instance, the care worker could show interests in Susan’s past, e.g. her art awards.

It is really important to recognise that Susan may reflect upon her life and have some regret over the past, but it is vital to encourage Susan to acknowledge her achievements, as this will lead her to feel satisfied and ready to face the end of her life with a sense of peace.

Ymateb awgrymedig

Byddai Susan ar gam uniondeb ego v tristwch Erikson.

Mae damcaniaeth Erikson yn wahanol iawn i ddamcaniaethau eraill gan ei bod hi'n canolbwyntio ar y rhychwant oes cyfan. Gallai damcaniaeth Erikson helpu gofalwyr gofal sy'n cefnogi Susan drwy sylweddoli y bydd profiadau blaenorol unigolyn yn dylanwadu'n fawr ar ei ymddygiad. Yn yr achos hwn, gallai'r gweithiwr gofal ddangos diddordeb yng ngorffennol Susan, e.e. ei gwobrau celf.

Mae'n wirioneddol bwysig sylweddoli efallai fod Susan yn edrych yn ôl ar ei bywyd a'i bod hi'n edifar ychydig am y gorffennol. Ond mae hi'n hanfodol annog Susan i gydnabod yr hyn y mae hi wedi'i gyflawni, gan y bydd hyn yn gwneud iddi deimlo'n fodlon ac yn barod i wynebu diwedd ei hoes gydag ymdeimlad o heddwch.

Key fundamental human needs

Anghenion dynol sylfaenol allweddol

One fresh cuppa

Some key fundamental human needs across the lifespan (CUPPA):

  • Creation
  • Understanding
  • Participation
  • Protection
  • Affection

How might these needs be supported throughout life?

There are other needs too, such as freedom, identity, leisure and subsistence.

Rhai anghenion dynol sylfaenol allweddol ar draws y rhychwant oes (CDCDH):

  • Creu
  • Dealltwriaeth
  • Cyfranogiad
  • Diogelwch
  • Hoffter

Sut gallai'r anghenion hyn gael eu cefnogi drwy gydol oes?

Mae anghenion eraill hefyd, fel rhyddid, hunaniaeth, hamdden a chynhaliaeth.

Follow-on activity

Using traffic lights, does anyone know the difference between predictable and unpredictable life events and how these life events could impact upon care needs?

  • GREEN – Yes, I know the difference between predictable and unpredictable life events, and I can identify how these life events impact upon care needs.
  • AMBER – I think I may know the difference but I’m not that sure and I cannot identify how this may impact upon their care needs.
  • RED – I have no idea but I am determined to know the difference and explain how these life events can impact upon care needs.

Gweithgaredd pellach

Gan ddefnyddio goleuadau traffig, oes unrhyw un yn gwybod y gwahaniaeth rhwng digwyddiadau bywyd rhagweladwy ac anrhagweladwy a sut gallai'r digwyddiadau bywyd hyn effeithio ar anghenion gofal?

  • GWYRDD – Ydw, rwy'n gwybod y gwahaniaeth rhwng digwyddiadau bywyd rhagweladwy ac anrhagweladwy, ac rwy'n gallu nodi sut mae'r digwyddiadau bywyd hyn effeithio ar anghenion gofal.
  • AMBR - Rwy'n credu efallai fy mod i'n gwybod y gwahaniaeth, ond dydw i ddim yn hollol siŵr a dydw i ddim yn gallu nodi sut gall hyn effeithio ar anghenion gofal.
  • COCH – Does gen i ddim syniad ond rwy'n benderfynol o wybod y gwahaniaeth ac esbonio sut mae'r digwyddiadau bywyd hyn yn gallu effeithio ar anghenion gofal.

Distinguishing between predictable and unpredictable events

Gwahaniaethu rhwng digwyddiadau rhagweladwy ac anrhagweladwy

Explain the differences between predictable and unpredictable life events and how these could impact upon care needs.

Esboniwch y gwahaniaeth rhwng digwyddiadau bywyd rhagweladwy ac anrhagweladwy a sut gallai'r digwyddiadau bywyd hyn effeithio ar anghenion gofal.

Answer

Predictable events are events that are expected to happen at a particular time. While expected, they still influence a person’s health and well-being. These can be positive or negative, regardless of the event.

Unpredictable events are events that happen unexpectedly and can have serious physical, emotional and psychological effects on an individual. These can be positive or negative, regardless of the event.

Ateb

Digwyddiadau rhagweladwy yw digwyddiadau sy'n ddisgwyliedig ar adeg benodol. Er eu bod nhw'n ddisgwyliedig, maen nhw'n dal i ddylanwadu ar iechyd a llesiant person. Mae'r rhain yn gallu bod yn gadarnhaol neu negyddol, beth bynnag yw'r digwyddiad.

Digwyddiadau anrhagweladwy yw digwyddiadau annisgwyl ac maen nhw'n gallu cael effeithiau corfforol, emosiynol a seicolegol difrifol ar unigolyn. Mae'r rhain yn gallu bod yn gadarnhaol neu negyddol, beth bynnag yw'r digwyddiad.

Predictable life events

Consider someone in their 30s, and using the picture clues, note the predictable life events they may have experienced so far in their life.

Digwyddiadau bywyd rhagweladwy

Ystyriwch rywun yn ei 30au. Defnyddiwch y cliwiau yn y darluniau i nodi'r digwyddiadau bywyd rhagweladwy y gallai fod wedi eu profi hyd yma yn ei fywyd.

Teachers standing in nursery classroom
School children
Graduates throwing graduation caps
Office intern
House key
Marriage

Transition and support

Pontio a chymorth

Ruth is three years old and is in her last term at nursery before the transition into school. Mae Ruth yn dair blwydd oed ac mae hi yn ei thymor olaf mewn meithrinfa cyn pontio i'r ysgol.

QuestionCwestiwn Your ResponseEich Ymateb Suggested answerAteb Awgrymedig

Suggested answer:

Ateb Awgrymedig:

Unpredictable life events

Digwyddiadau bywyd anrhagweladwy

Some unpredictable life events during a lifespan may include the following:

  • accidents
  • injury or ill health
  • death of a partner, relative or friend
  • exclusion or dropping of education
  • redundancy.

Unpredictable life events could lead to a need for ‘physical’ and ‘emotional’ support.

Physical support is supporting an individual’s mobility or physical health needs. This could be helping with mobility, dressing, personal care and helping them to become more independent.

Emotional support is supporting an individual to cope with their feelings. This could be understanding illnesses, helping them come to terms with illness and helping them to overcome stress and/or depression.

Mae digwyddiadau bywyd anrhagweladwy yn ystod rhychwant oes yn gallu cynnwys y canlynol:

  • damweiniau
  • anaf neu afiechyd
  • marwolaeth partner, perthynas neu ffrind
  • cael eich gwahardd neu adael addysg
  • colli swydd.

Gallai digwyddiadau bywyd anrhagweladwy arwain at angen am gymorth ‘corfforol’ ac ‘emosiynol’.

Cymorth corfforol yw helpu anghenion symudedd neu iechyd corfforol unigolyn. Gallai hyn gynnwys help gyda symudedd, gwisgo, gofal personol a'i helpu i ddod yn fwy annibynnol.

Cymorth emosiynol yw helpu unigolyn i ymdopi â’i deimladau. Gallai hyn gynnwys deall clefydau a chyflyrau, ei helpu i ddod i delerau â'r rhain, a'i helpu i oresgyn straen a/neu iselder.

Case study

Astudiaeth achos

Jamie is 57 years old and has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, which has spread. Jamie’s diagnosis means that he has been diagnosed with a life-threatening condition.

1. Identify the physical and emotional care that Jamie will need at this stage of his life.

Mae Jamie yn 57 oed ac mae wedi cael diagnosis canser y pancreas, sydd wedi ymledu. Mae diagnosis Jamie yn golygu ei fod wedi cael diagnosis o gyflwr sy'n bygwth bywyd.

1. Nodwch y gofal corfforol ac emosiynol a fydd angen ar Jamie ar y cam hwn o'i fywyd.

Suggested response

  • Jamie may be in considerable pain or discomfort, and his mobility may therefore be restricted, meaning he may need assistance to move about.
  • Jamie’s treatment may cause him to feel nauseous, and vomiting regularly may be a possible side effect. He may require assistance getting to and from the bathroom regularly.
  • Jamie may be mentally struggling to come to terms with the illness, meaning he may need to be referred to counselling to discuss his condition.
  • Jamie may feel depressed and have low self-esteem as he is no longer able to work. He may need support by means of talking about his feelings.

Ymateb awgrymedig

  • Efallai bydd Jamie mewn llawer o boen neu anesmwythder. O ganlyniad, efallai nad yw'n gallu symud llawer, felly efallai bydd angen help arno i symud o gwmpas.
  • Efallai bydd triniaeth Jamie yn gwneud iddo deimlo'n gyfoglyd, ac efallai bydd chwydu rheolaidd yn sgil effaith bosibl. Efallai bydd angen help arno i fynd i'r ystafell ymolchi ac yn ôl yn rheolaidd.
  • Efallai fod Jamie yn ei chael hi'n anodd dod i delerau â'r salwch yn feddyliol, felly efallai bydd angen ei gyfeirio i gael cwnsela i drafod ei gyflwr.
  • Efallai fod Jamie yn teimlo'n isel a bod ganddo hunan-barch isel gan nad yw'n gallu gweithio rhagor. Efallai bydd angen cymorth arno o ran siarad am ei deimladau.

Palliative care

Gofal lliniarol

When nothing more can be done for Jamie in terms of treatment, he and his family will be offered palliative care.

Palliative care has been defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as “an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with a life limiting illness, through the prevention of, and relief of, suffering, by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical and spiritual.”

https://bit.ly/2UCoB04

They type of palliative care Jamie will have received can be found by visiting: https://bit.ly/39jNCT8

Pan nad oes modd gwneud dim byd yn rhagor dros Jamie o ran triniaeth, bydd ef a'i deulu'n cael cynnig gofal lliniarol.

Mae Sefydliad Iechyd y Byd wedi diffinio gofal lliniarol fel “dull sy’n gwella ansawdd bywyd cleifion a’u teuluoedd wrth iddyn nhw wynebu’r problemau sy’n gysylltiedig ag afiechyd sy’n cyfyngu ar eu bywyd, drwy atal a lleddfu dioddefaint. Mae hynny’n digwydd drwy ganfod yr afiechyd yn gynnar, asesu perffaith a thrin poen a phroblemau eraill, boed nhw’n gorfforol neu'n ysbrydol.”

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Mae'n bosibl gweld y math o ofal lliniarol y bydd Jamie wedi'i dderbyn drwy fynd i: https://bit.ly/39jNCT8