Abuse

Cam-drin

A girl looking sad

There are different types of abuse:

  • emotional/psychological abuse
  • physical abuse
  • sexual abuse
  • verbal abuse
  • domestic abuse
  • financial abuse
  • neglect
  • controlling/coercive behaviour in families and/or personal intimate sexual relationships.

Psychological abuse

Many victims have stated that psychological abuse was often more damaging than physical abuse. Unlike the impacts of physical abuse, the emotional and psychological scars are not as easy to identify.

An individual who has to deal with the constantly changing demands of an abusive partner may develop a range of problems, such as finding it difficult to sleep and eat, and symptoms of anxiety, self-harming and suicide attempts.

For some individuals in an abusive relationship, the psychological impact can be similar to bereavement as they come to terms with the loss of the relationship they thought they had. They may also experience feelings of anger, not only towards their abuser but also towards themselves for their feelings of helplessness.

When they do manage to leave these abusive relationships, they may feel a sense of relief and begin to rebuild their self-esteem, but they may always find it difficult to trust anyone.

Physical abuse

Individuals who are physically abused may experience:

  • anxiety and excessive fear of others
  • eating disorders
  • self-harm
  • self-destructive behaviour
  • difficulty in trusting others
  • a predisposition to emotional disturbance
  • feelings of low self-esteem
  • depression and suicidal thoughts
  • drug or alcohol abuse
  • agitation and aggression
  • low self-esteem
  • difficulty trusting others.

Sexual abuse

Sexual abuse in childhood is known to be a major risk factor in the development of long-term psychological problems that can carry over into adulthood.

Many victims of sexual abuse may suffer from depression, personality disorders, anxiety and panic attacks and, in some extreme cases, it has been known to be responsible for psychotic disorders.

Victims may use drugs and alcohol to help them cope, which in turn leads to all of the problems associated with the misuse of substances. They may also display inappropriate sexual behaviours and struggle to maintain a successful relationship. Statistics also show that those who have been subjected to abuse are more likely to be victims of further abuse in the future.

There is evidence of an association between sexual abuse and reduced life chances that begins during the school years and extends well into adulthood, affecting the individual’s educational attainment, employment chances and financial stability.

Mae gwahanol fathau o gam-drin:

  • cam-drin emosiynol/seicolegol
  • cam-drin corfforol
  • cam-drin rhywiol
  • cam-drin geiriol
  • cam-drin domestig
  • cam-drin ariannol
  • esgeuluso
  • ymddygiad sy'n rheoli/gorfodi o fewn teuluoedd a/neu berthnasoedd personol agos a rhywiol.

Cam-drin seicolegol

Mae llawer o ddioddefwyr wedi nodi bod cam-drin seicolegol yn aml yn fwy niweidiol na cham-drin corfforol. Yn wahanol i effeithiau cam-drin corfforol, nid yw mor hawdd gweld y creithiau emosiynol a seicolegol.

Gall unigolyn sy'n gorfod delio â gofynion partner sy'n ei gam-drin, sy'n newid yn barhaus, ddatblygu amrywiaeth o broblemau, megis ei chael hi'n anodd cysgu a bwyta, a symptomau gorbryder, hunan-niweidio a cheisio lladd ei hun.

I rai unigolion mewn perthynas gamdriniol, gall yr effaith seicolegol fod yn debyg i brofedigaeth wrth iddynt ddod i delerau â cholli'r berthynas roeddent yn meddwl yr oedd ganddynt. Gallant hefyd deimlo'n ddig, nid yn unig tuag at y sawl sy'n eu cam-drin, ond hefyd tuag at eu hunain am fod mor ddiymadferth.

Pan fyddant yn llwyddo i adael eu perthynas gamdriniol, gallant deimlo rhyddhad a dechrau adfer eu hunan-barch, ond efallai y byddant bob amser yn ei chael hi'n anodd ymddiried mewn pobl eraill.

Cam-drin corfforol

Gall unigolion sy'n cael eu cam-drin yn gorfforol brofi'r canlynol:

  • gorbryder ac ofni pobl eraill yn ormodol
  • anhwylderau bwyta
  • hunan-niweidio
  • ymddygiad hunanddinistriol
  • ei chael hi'n anodd ymddiried mewn pobl eraill
  • rhagdueddiad i gynhyrfu'n emosiynol
  • teimlo hunan-barch isel
  • iselder a meddwl am ladd eu hunain
  • camddefnyddio cyffuriau neu alcohol
  • ymddygiad cynhyrfus neu ymosodol
  • hunan-barch isel
  • ei chael hi'n anodd ymddiried mewn pobl eraill.

Cam-drin rhywiol

Gwyddom fod cam-drin rhywiol pan yn blentyn yn peri risg sylweddol o ddatblygu problemau seicolegol hirdymor a all effeithio ar yr unigolyn fel oedolyn.

Gall llawer o bobl sydd wedi cael eu cam-drin yn rhywiol brofi iselder, anhwylderau personoliaeth, gorbryder a phyliau o banig ac, mewn rhai achosion eithafol, gwyddom ei fod yn gyfrifol am anhwylderau seicotig.

Gall dioddefwyr ddefnyddio cyffuriau ac alcohol i'w helpu i ymdopi, a all wedyn arwain at yr holl broblemau sy'n gysylltiedig â chamddefnyddio sylweddau. Gallant hefyd ymddwyn mewn ffyrdd amhriodol yn rhywiol, a'i chael hi'n anodd cynnal perthynas lwyddiannus. Mae ystadegau hefyd yn dangos bod y rheini sydd wedi'u cam-drin yn fwy tebygol o gael eu cam-drin eto yn y dyfodol.

Mae tystiolaeth o gysylltiad rhwng cam-drin rhywiol a llai o gyfleoedd mewn bywyd sy'n dechrau yn yr ysgol ac yn parhau fel oedolyn, gan effeithio ar gyrhaeddiad addysgol yr unigolyn, ei gyfleoedd gwaith a'i sefydlogrwydd ariannol.

Age

Oedran

A grandfather with his young granddaughter

An individual’s self–concept will not remain the same throughout their life; it will change as the individual grows and ages and is impacted by external factors that will shape their view of themselves.

In childhood, it may be influenced either positively or negatively by their home life, their education and their friendships. Positive experiences with all of these will produce a child who feels that they are valued and can make a valuable contribution.

In adulthood, factors such as housing, financial stability, employment and relationships will all impact an individual’s self-concept. If they cannot find a job and provide for themselves or their loved ones, then their self-concept will be negatively impacted.

Middle age has often been labelled the ‘mid-life crisis’ due to the fact that many individuals’ self-concept changes during this time. Women may struggle with the menopause and coming to terms with the fact that their children are leaving home and their child-bearing years are behind them. Men may also struggle with the ageing process and their loss of youth.

Older adulthood can be a time when individuals have a positive self-concept, particularly if they are in good health, are financially sound, have more time to spend with family and friends, are pursuing their own interests and also if they feel of value to their family.

However, if they are experiencing ill-health, isolation following retirement or financial worries, then their self-concept will be negatively affected.

Ni fydd hunangysyniad unigolyn yn aros yr un peth drwy gydol ei fywyd; bydd yn newid wrth i'r unigolyn dyfu a mynd yn hŷn, a bydd ffactorau allanol yn effeithio arno a fydd yn dylanwadu ar y ffordd mae'n gweld ei hun.

Fel plentyn, gall bywyd cartref, addysg a ffrindiau gael effaith gadarnhaol neu negyddol arno. Bydd profiadau cadarnhaol mewn perthynas â'r rhain i gyd yn creu plentyn sy'n teimlo ei fod yn cael ei werthfawrogi ac y gall wneud cyfraniad gwerthfawr.

Fel oedolyn, bydd ffactorau fel tai, sefydlogrwydd ariannol, cyflogaeth a pherthnasoedd i gyd yn effeithio ar hunangysyniad unigolyn. Os na all ddod o hyd i swydd na gofalu am ei hun a'i anwyliaid, yna bydd ei hunangysyniad yn dioddef.

Mae bod yn ganol oed yn aml wedi'i labelu'n 'argyfwng canol oed' oherwydd bod hunangysyniad llawer o unigolion yn newid yr adeg hon. Gall menywod ei chael hi'n anodd ymdopi â'r menopos a dod i delerau â'r ffaith bod eu plant yn gadael y nyth ac na allant gael plant mwyach. Gall dynion hefyd ei chael hi'n anodd ymdopi â'r broses o fynd yn hŷn a cholli eu hieuenctid.

Gall oedolaeth hŷn fod yn gyfnod pan fydd gan unigolion hunangysyniad cadarnhaol, yn enwedig os ydynt yn iach, yn gysurus yn ariannol, gyda mwy o amser i'w dreulio gyda theulu a ffrindiau, yn dilyn eu diddordebau eu hunain ac os ydynt yn teimlo eu bod o werth i'w teulu.

Fodd bynnag, os byddant yn sâl, yn teimlo'n ynysig ar ôl ymddeol neu'n poeni am eu sefyllfa ariannol, gall hyn gael effaith negyddol ar eu hunangysyniad.

Appearance

Ymddangosiad

A teenager looking at himself in the mirror

How an individual thinks they look can strongly influence self-concept. Often, their beliefs about themselves come from how others react to them. If others react positively to an individual’s appearance, then this may positively affect their self-concept. However, if they are teased about the way they look or dress, or if they compare themselves to unrealistic images in the media, then their self-concept can be negatively affected.

The way an individual dresses may also affect their self-concept. Some individuals will purposely dress in a similar style to their friends. This helps the individual feel connected and gives them a sense of belonging. Other individuals may deliberately dress in a non-conventional way as they want to portray that they are individual and don’t follow the crowd. This can have both a positive and negative impact on self-concept. A feeling of independence and the right to choose will have a positive impact on the individual. However, if they receive abuse or social exclusion because they look different, then this may have a detrimental impact on the individual.

Gall y ffordd mae unigolion yn meddwl eu bod yn edrych ddylanwadu'n gryf ar hunangysyniad. Yn aml, bydd eu barn am eu hunain yn deillio o'r ffordd mae eraill yn ymateb iddynt. Os bydd eraill yn ymateb yn gadarnhaol i ymddangosiad unigolyn, gall hyn gael effaith gadarnhaol ar ei hunangysyniad. Fodd bynnag, os bydd pobl eraill yn gwneud hwyl am y ffordd mae'n edrych neu'n gwisgo, neu os bydd yn cymharu ei hun â delweddau afrealistig yn y cyfryngau, gall hyn gael effaith negyddol ar ei hunangysyniad.

Gall y ffordd mae unigolyn yn gwisgo hefyd effeithio ar ei hunangysyniad. Bydd rhai unigolion yn gwisgo fel eu ffrindiau yn fwriadol. Mae hyn yn helpu'r unigolyn i deimlo'n gysylltiedig ac fel ei fod yn perthyn. Efallai y bydd eraill yn gwisgo mewn ffordd anghonfensiynol yn fwriadol am eu bod am ddangos mai unigolion ydynt ac nad ydynt am fod fel pawb arall. Gall hyn gael effaith gadarnhaol a negyddol ar hunangysyniad. Bydd teimlo'n annibynnol a chael yr hawl i ddewis yn cael effaith gadarnhaol ar yr unigolyn. Fodd bynnag, os bydd yn destun difrïo neu'n cael ei allgáu'n gymdeithasol am edrych yn wahanol, gall hyn gael effaith niweidiol ar yr unigolyn.

Culture

Diwylliant

A group of multi-ethnic teenagers in discussion

Culture can positively affect an individual’s self-concept as it may give them a strong sense of belonging, strong values and strong belief systems.

Babies and children learn about their culture by watching their parents and close family. They copy behaviour they have seen and adopt different roles.

Children also learn by watching the reactions to their own behaviour; either approval, such as a smile or praise, or a negative reaction, like a frown. If the reaction is negative, they are less likely to repeat the action.

Culture is learnt through socialisation and it is the way children learn to fit into social groups to which they belong. They learn about the rules and expectations of their society and these customs and habits will stay with them for the rest of their lives.

Some cultures are stricter and more disciplined and have different views with regards to the rights of children.

Culture can create a sense of security and belonging; this can create a positive self-concept and give a person confidence.

However, if an individual lives in a society of mixed cultures, this may cause problems as they are exposed to new traditions and customs. The values and behaviours viewed positively in one culture may be viewed negatively by another, so this can lead an individual to feel at odds with both society and their own cultural identity.

The way different cultures treat their children and older adults may also impact self-concept. In Western society, children are taught to be independent and value their own views. However, in Eastern cultures, the family is interdependent, and it would be frowned upon if a child wanted independence from its parents.

In Western society, the elderly are often seen as a burden, whilst in Eastern societies they are seen as the head of the family and are respected for their wisdom. These differing views of the elderly have an impact on the individual’s self-concept.

Gall diwylliant gael effaith gadarnhaol ar hunangysyniad unigolyn oherwydd gall roi ymdeimlad cryf o berthyn iddo, ynghyd â gwerthoedd a chredoau cryf.

Bydd babanod a phlant yn dysgu am eu diwylliant drwy wylio eu rhieni a theulu agos. Byddant yn efelychu'r math o ymddygiad maent wedi'i weld ac yn mabwysiadu gwahanol rolau.

Bydd plant hefyd yn dysgu drwy wylio'r ymateb i'w hymddygiad eu hunain; naill ai clod, megis gwên neu ganmoliaeth, neu ymateb negyddol, megis crychu talcen. Os mai ymateb negyddol a geir, ni fyddant mor debygol o'i wneud eto.

Dysgir diwylliant drwy gymdeithasoli a dyma sut mae plant yn dysgu sut i ddod yn rhan o grwpiau cymdeithasol y maent yn perthyn iddynt. Byddant yn dysgu am reolau a disgwyliadau eu cymdeithas, a bydd yr arferion a'r traddodiadau hyn yn aros gyda nhw am weddill eu bywydau.

Mae rhai diwylliannau yn fwy llym ac yn fwy disgybledig, ac maent yn meddwl yn wahanol am hawliau plant.

Gall diwylliant greu ymdeimlad o ddiogelwch a pherthyn; gall hyn greu hunangysyniad cadarnhaol a rhoi hyder i rywun.

Fodd bynnag, os bydd unigolyn yn byw mewn cymdeithas â sawl diwylliant gwahanol, gall hyn achosi problemau wrth iddo ddod ar draws traddodiadau ac arferion newydd. Gall y gwerthoedd a'r ymddygiadau a ystyrir yn gadarnhaol gan un diwylliant gael eu hystyried yn negyddol gan un arall, felly gall hyn wneud i'r unigolyn deimlo'n anniddig o fewn cymdeithas ac â'i hunaniaeth ddiwylliannol ei hun.

Gall y ffordd y mae gwahanol ddiwylliannau yn trin eu plant a'u hoedolion hŷn hefyd effeithio ar hunangysyniad. Yn y gorllewin, addysgir plant i fod yn annibynnol ac i werthfawrogi eu safbwyntiau eu hunain. Yn y dwyrain, mae'r teulu yn dibynnu ar ei gilydd ac ni fyddai'n dderbyniol i blentyn ddymuno bod yn annibynnol ar ei rieni.

Yn y gorllewin, ystyrir bod yr henoed yn faich yn aml. Yn y dwyrain, fe'u hystyrir yn benteulu a chânt eu parchu am eu doethineb. Mae'r safbwyntiau croes hyn am yr henoed yn effeithio ar hunangysyniad yr unigolyn.

Education

Addysg

Schoolchildren working on a project in class

A child’s school experience may influence their self-concept. If they are challenged to push themselves, encouraged by supportive teachers and are able to achieve success, then they will have a high self-concept.

If, however, they feel that others’ expectations of their achievement are low and they do not feel supported in their studies by either their teachers or their parents, then their self-concept will be low, and in turn, their chances of academic success will be affected.

School is also a child’s first experience of building and maintaining relationships independently. Their experience of friendship and acceptance at this age can shape their self-concept, so it is important that they have positive experiences.

Education has become one of the most important factors in positive life chances, such as employment, income and social status, all of which will impact self-concept.

However, the emphasis on education to improve life chances makes it much harder for individuals with low levels of education. They will experience low self-concept if they perceive themselves to have a lower social status than others in the community.

Gall profiadau plentyn yn yr ysgol ddylanwadu ar ei hunangysyniad. Os caiff ei herio i anelu'n uwch, ei annog gan athrawon cefnogol, ac os yw'n gallu llwyddo, bydd ganddo lefel uchel o hunangysyniad.

Fodd bynnag, os bydd yn teimlo bod gan eraill ddisgwyliadau isel ohono, ac nad yw'n teimlo bod ei athrawon na'i rieni yn ei gefnogi'n addysgol, yna bydd ei hunangysyniad yn isel ac, yn ei dro, bydd ei siawns o lwyddo'n academaidd yn dioddef.

Hefyd, yr ysgol yw profiad cyntaf y plentyn o feithrin a chynnal perthnasoedd yn annibynnol. Gall ei brofiad o gyfeillgarwch a chael ei dderbyn yr oedran hwn lywio ei hunangysyniad, felly mae'n bwysig ei fod yn cael profiadau cadarnhaol.

Addysg yw un o'r ffactorau pwysicaf mewn perthynas â chael cyfleoedd cadarnhaol mewn bywyd, megis cyflogaeth, incwm a statws cymdeithasol. Mae pob un o'r rhain yn effeithio ar hunangysyniad.

Fodd bynnag, mae'r pwyslais ar addysg i wella cyfleoedd mewn bywyd yn ei gwneud hi'n anoddach o lawer i unigolion â lefelau isel o addysg. Bydd ganddynt hunangysyniad isel os byddant o'r farn bod ganddynt statws cymdeithasol is nag eraill yn y gymuned.

Emotional intelligence

Deallusrwydd emosiynol

Children hugging

Emotional intelligence is the measure of an individual’s ability to recognise and manage their own and others’ emotions.

The higher an individual’s emotional intelligence, the easier they will find it to develop and maintain relationships and feel a sense of belonging within a group.

These individuals are also more adept at managing stress and are less likely to suffer from mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety.

Therefore, individuals with higher emotional intelligence will also have higher self-concept as they are able to deal positively with external factors that could negatively affect them.

Mae gwybodaeth emosiynol yn mesur gallu unigolyn i gydnabod a rheoli ei emosiynau ei hun a rhai pobl eraill.

Os bydd gan unigolyn lefel uwch o wybodaeth emosiynol, bydd yn haws iddo feithrin a chynnal perthnasoedd a theimlo ei fod yn perthyn mewn grŵp.

Mae hefyd yn haws i'r unigolion hyn ymdopi â straen ac maent yn llai tebygol o brofi afiechyd meddwl, megis iselder a gorbryder.

Felly, bydd gan unigolion â lefelau uwch o wybodaeth emosiynol hefyd hunangysyniad uwch oherwydd byddant yn gallu delio'n gadarnhaol â ffactorau allanol a allai gael effaith negyddol arnynt.

Environment

Yr amgylchedd

Children playing in a forest

An individual’s environment can have a huge effect on their self-concept.

Those from low income backgrounds are less likely to access:

  • adequate preventative medical care
  • higher educational attainment
  • opportunities for sports and leisure
  • green, open spaces
  • spaces that give them a sense of security
  • fulfilling careers.

Without these, an individual’s well-being and self-concept may be adversely affected.

If individuals feel valued and are supported within their community, then this may help enhance self-concept. How others around them see them has a great impact on how they see themselves.

Gall amgylchedd yr unigolyn gael effaith enfawr ar ei hunangysyniad.

Mae'r rheini o gefndiroedd incwm isel yn llai tebygol o gael y canlynol:

  • lefel ddigonol o ofal meddygol ataliol
  • cyrhaeddiad addysgol uwch
  • cyfleoedd chwaraeon a hamdden
  • mannau gwyrdd agored
  • mannau sy'n rhoi ymdeimlad o ddiogelwch iddynt
  • gyrfaoedd boddhaus.

Heb y rhain, efallai bydd effaith andwyol ar lesiant a hunangysyniad yr unigolyn.

Os bydd unigolion yn teimlo eu bod yn cael eu gwerthfawrogi a'u cefnogi yn y gymuned, gall hyn helpu i gynyddu eu hunangysyniad. Mae'r ffordd mae eraill o'u cwmpas yn eu gweld yn cael effaith fawr ar y ffordd maent yn gweld eu hunain.

Gender and sexual orientation

Rhywedd a chyfeiriadedd rhywiol

A hand painted in rainbow colours

Gender

There are many stereotypes concerned with being male or female and how males and females are supposed to behave. For example, women are supposed to be “gentle” and men “aggressive”, girls are supposed to be “quiet” and boys “noisy”. But if think of how many noisy girls and quiet boys you know, you realise what a false impression stereotypes can give.

An individual’s gender can have an impact on their self-concept. If an individual feels as if they fit in with the ‘norm’ that others in their society value, then they will have a high self-concept. If, however, they feel that they don’t fit with what society holds important, then their self-concept can be adversely affected.

For instance, if a boy isn’t sporty, is sensitive and quiet (different to the other boys around him), then he could have feelings of inadequacy, made worse if he is teased or bullied for his personality traits.

Similarly, if a girl doesn’t enjoy the pastimes of the other girls around them, such as shopping, hair and make-up, then she could be ostracised from the group. For young people, fitting in and feeling accepted and part of the group, is an important part of their positive self-concept, without this, their self-concept will be negatively affected.

Gender inequality

Gender inequality can affect an individual’s development, particularly for women. Gender inequality can be seen in some careers:

  • girls tend to do better at school than boys, but women are still paid less than men and may not have the same opportunities as men in certain fields
  • some males may not take up certain jobs, as they are deemed to be female, such as nannying or primary school teaching.

These all may affect an individual’s self-esteem and confidence and restrict their life chances. It can also cause stress and worry, and cause someone to struggle with their identity.

Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation is part of an individual’s self-concept. Confusion or issues around sexual orientation can cause a distorted self-concept, which in turn can lead to low self-esteem or, in some cases, depression and other mental health problems. Establishing one’s sexual orientation is part of growing up and is essential to a healthy mind and healthy sexual relationships.

Some individuals may not be comfortable with their sexual identity. This could be due to family or religious influences and believing that their choice is wrong. They could feel pressure to keep their sexual orientation hidden and conform to what they believe is expected of them. If they don’t feel able to come out to those around them, then this can also damage their self-concept as they will feel that they can’t share their true self with those they love.

Individuals can also be discriminated against due to their sexual orientation and may experience homophobia. Alternatively, there are those that are proud of being gay, lesbian or bisexual etc. This is more likely to create positive self-esteem and self-image.

Rhywedd

Mae llawer o stereoteipiau ynghylch bod yn ddyn neu'n fenyw, a sut mae dynion a menywod i fod i ymddwyn. Er enghraifft, mae menywod i fod yn "addfwyn" ac mae dynion i fod yn "ymosodol", ac mae merched i fod yn "dawel" ac mae bechgyn i fod yn "swnllyd". Ond, o ystyried faint o ferched swnllyd a bechgyn tawel rydych yn eu hadnabod, gallwch weld pa mor anghywir yw hyn.

Gall rhywedd unigolyn effeithio ar ei hunangysyniad. Os bydd unigolyn o'r farn ei fod yn perthyn i'r 'norm' a werthfawrogir gan eraill mewn cymdeithas, yna bydd ei hunangysyniad yn uchel. Fodd bynnag, os bydd yn credu nad yw'n cyd-fynd â'r hyn sy'n bwysig i gymdeithas, yna gall gael effaith andwyol ar ei hunangysyniad.

Er enghraifft, os na fydd bachgen yn hoffi chwaraeon, a'i fod yn sensitif ac yn dawel (yn wahanol i'r bechgyn eraill o'i gwmpas), yna gallai deimlo'n annigonol, a fydd yn waeth os bydd yn cael ei boeni neu ei fwlio oherwydd ei natur.

Yn yr un modd, os na fydd merch yn hoffi gwneud yr un pethau â'r merched eraill o'i chwmpas, megis siopa, gwneud ei gwallt a'i cholur, gallai gael ei hepgor o'r grŵp. I bobl ifanc, mae bod fel pawb arall, a theimlo eu bod yn cael eu derbyn a'u bod yn rhan o'r grŵp, yn rhan bwysig o'u hunangysyniad cadarnhaol, a hebddo ceir effaith negyddol ar eu hunangysyniad.

Anghydraddoldeb rhywiol

Gall anghydraddoldeb rhywiol effeithio ar ddatblygiad unigolion, yn enwedig menywod. Gall anghydraddoldeb rhywiol gael ei weld mewn rhai gyrfaoedd:

  • mae merched yn dueddol o wneud yn well na bechgyn yn yr ysgol, ond mae menywod yn dal i ennill llai na dynion ac efallai na chânt yr un cyfleoedd â dynion mewn rhai meysydd
  • efallai na fydd rhai dynion yn gwneud rhai swyddi, am eu bod o'r farn mai swyddi menywod ydynt, megis gwarchod plant neu ddysgu mewn ysgol gynradd.

Gall y rhain i gyd effeithio ar hunan-barch a hyder unigolyn, a chyfyngu ar ei gyfleoedd mewn bywyd. Gall hefyd achosi straen a gofid, ac weithiau gall wneud i rywun frwydro â'i hunaniaeth.

Cyfeiriadedd rhywiol

Mae cyfeiriadedd rhywiol yn rhan o hunangysyniad unigolyn. Gall dryswch neu broblemau ynghylch cyfeiriadedd rhywiol aflunio hunangysyniad, a all wedyn beri hunan-barch isel neu, mewn rhai achosion, iselder a phroblemau iechyd meddwl eraill. Mae pennu eich cyfeiriadedd rhywiol yn rhan o dyfu i fyny ac mae'n hanfodol er mwyn cael meddwl iach a mwynhau perthnasoedd rhywiol iach.

Efallai na fydd rhai unigolion yn gyfforddus â'u hunaniaeth rywiol. Gallai hyn fod oherwydd dylanwadau teuluol neu grefyddol, a chredu bod eu ffordd o fyw yn anghywir. Gallent deimlo dan bwysau i guddio eu cyfeiriadedd rhywiol a chydymffurfio â'r hyn maent yn credu sy'n ddisgwyliedig ganddynt. Os nad ydynt yn teimlo y gallant 'ddod allan' i'r rheini o'u hamgylch, gall hyn niweidio eu hunangysyniad hefyd oherwydd ni fyddant yn teimlo y gallant rannu pwy ydynt go iawn â'u hanwyliaid.

Gall unigolion hefyd brofi gwahaniaethu ar sail eu cyfeiriadedd rhywiol a gallant brofi homoffobia. Ar y llaw arall, mae yna bobl sy'n ymfalchïo yn y ffaith eu bod yn hoyw, yn lesbiaidd neu'n ddeurywiol ac ati. Mae hyn yn fwy tebygol o greu hunan-barch a hunanddelwedd gadarnhaol.

The impact of discrimination

Effaith gwahaniaethu

A group of multi-ethnic people of differing ages

Discrimination is when prejudiced attitudes effect the way individuals behave towards other people. Discrimination can have a physical and psychological effect on individuals and may prevent the basic needs of an individual from being met, such as by affecting their ability to access health and social care services.

Individuals may be discriminated against due to their age, culture, gender etc., which may impact upon their self-concept.

When an individual is continuously discriminated against, this can make them feel disempowered. Disempowerment is when an individual loses control over their lives; they feel helpless and they might not have the ability to make choices for themselves.

Other effects of discrimination include distorted self-identity, low self-esteem and lack of confidence to do things that they would ordinarily like to do. In the long-term, this may lead to depression and marginalisation from society. Marginalisation is the process of making a group or class of people less important or relegated to a secondary position. When one class of people is grouped together as second class citizens, this is an example of marginalisation.

Ceir achosion o wahaniaethu pan fydd agweddau rhagfarnllyd yn effeithio ar y ffordd mae unigolion yn ymddwyn tuag at bobl eraill. Gall gwahaniaethu gael effaith gorfforol a seicolegol ar unigolion a gall olygu na chaiff anghenion sylfaenol unigolyn eu diwallu, megis drwy effeithio ar eu gallu i gael gafael ar wasanaethau iechyd a gofal cymdeithasol.

Gall unigolion brofi gwahaniaethu oherwydd eu hoedran, diwylliant, rhywedd ac ati, a all effeithio ar eu hunangysyniad.

Pan fydd unigolyn yn profi gwahaniaethu dro ar ôl tro, gall wneud iddo deimlo nad oes ganddo unrhyw rym. Bydd unigolyn yn teimlo nad oes ganddo unrhyw rym pan fydd yn colli rheolaeth dros ei fywyd; mae’n teimlo'n ddiymadferth ac efallai na fydd yn gallu gwneud dewisiadau ei hun.

Gall effeithiau eraill gwahaniaethu gynnwys hunaniaeth sydd wedi'i haflunio, hunan-barch isel a diffyg hyder i wneud y pethau y byddai'n eu gwneud fel arfer. Yn yr hirdymor, gall hyn arwain at iselder a bod ar gyrion cymdeithas. Bod ar y cyrion yw'r broses o wneud grŵp neu ddosbarth o bobl yn llai pwysig neu eu gwneud yn eilaidd. Pan fydd un dosbarth o bobl yn cael ei grwpio gyda'i gilydd fel dinasyddion ail ddosbarth, mae hyn yn enghraifft o wthio rhywun i'r cyrion.

The impact of discrimination

Drag the scenarios to the correct columns.

Effaith gwahaniaethu

Llusgwch y senarios i’r colofnau cywir.

Read each of the scenarios and decide whether it is discriminatory (which would have a negative impact on the individual) or is inclusive (which would have a positive impact).

Darllenwch bob senario a phenderfynwch a yw'n gwahaniaethu (a fyddai'n cael effaith negyddol ar yr unigolyn) neu a yw'n gynhwysol (a fyddai'n cael effaith gadarnhaol).



      Media

      Y Cyfryngau

      Someone using social media on their mobile phone

      The media often portrays unrealistic views of beauty and this may adversely affect how ‘real’ people see themselves. It is impossible to attain the perfection seen in magazines as this isn’t a true representation of the individual.

      Lifestyles portrayed in the media can also impact on self-concept as individuals tend to compare themselves and their lives to those they see in the media. If they feel that they aren’t as affluent, have as successful a career, drive the best car or that their relationship isn’t as strong as those portrayed in the media, they may feel dissatisfied with their achievements and their self-worth would diminish.

      Mae'r cyfryngau yn aml yn creu delweddau afrealistig o brydferthwch a all gael effaith andwyol ar bobl 'go iawn'. Mae'n amhosibl efelychu'r perffeithrwydd a welir mewn cylchgronau oherwydd nid yw'n cynrychioli'r unigolyn go iawn.

      Gall y ffyrdd o fyw a adlewyrchir yn y cyfryngau hefyd effeithio ar hunangysyniad gan fod pobl yn dueddol o gymharu eu hunain a'u bywydau â'r hyn a welant yn y cyfryngau. Os credant nad ydynt mor gefnog, nad oes ganddynt yrfa mor llwyddiannus, nad ydynt yn gyrru'r car gorau neu nad yw eu perthynas cystal â'r hyn a welir yn y cyfryngau, gallant deimlo'n anfodlon ar eu cyflawniadau, sy'n lleihau eu hymdeimlad o hunanwerth.

      Relationships with others

      Perthnasoedd ag eraill

      Young Professionals having a drink

      Good relationships can have a positive effect on an individual’s self-concept, but some relationships can be damaging and have a negative effect on an individual’s self-concept.

      Individuals who come from stable, loving families have less difficulty developing socially and emotionally.

      Siblings can support each other and can learn from one another, but siblings may also be jealous of one another, which can cause arguments.

      Friends can help each other in times of difficulties and may offer advice and guidance when an individual is in a time of need.

      Work colleagues may become friends and are also a source of social stimulation.

      Loving relationships can give you confidence and security but may be a source of stress and anxiety if things take a turn for the worst.

      Relationships are also about how an individual feels about themselves in relation to others. Making unhealthy comparisons with others can damage self-esteem and is linked to a poor self-image. A healthy self-identity enables an individual to interact positively with others, holding both themselves and others in high regard.

      An example might be of an athlete who acknowledges the superior ability of his teammate whilst remaining confident in his own ability and his capacity to progress over time.

      Gall perthnasoedd da gael effaith gadarnhaol ar hunangysyniad unigolyn, ond gall rhai perthnasoedd fod yn niweidiol a gallant gael effaith negyddol ar hunangysyniad unigolyn.

      Mae unigolion a ddaw o deuluoedd sefydlog a chariadus yn ei chael hi'n haws datblygu'n gymdeithasol ac yn emosiynol.

      Gall brodyr a chwiorydd gefnogi ei gilydd a dysgu oddi wrth ei gilydd, ond gallant hefyd brofi cenfigen, a all arwain at ddadlau.

      Gall ffrindiau helpu ei gilydd ar adegau anodd a gallant gynnig cyngor ac arweiniad pan fydd eu hangen ar unigolyn.

      Gall cydweithwyr ddod yn ffrindiau ac maent hefyd yn creu ysgogiad cymdeithasol.

      Gall perthnasoedd cariadus roi hyder ac ymdeimlad o sicrwydd i chi ond gallant hefyd beri straen a gorbryder os bydd pethau'n mynd o chwith.

      Mae a wnelo perthnasoedd â’r ffordd mae unigolyn yn teimlo amdano ei hun mewn perthynas â phobl eraill. Mae gwneud cymariaethau nad ydyn nhw’n rhai iach ag eraill yn gallu achosi niwed i hunan-barch ac mae'n gysylltiedig â hunanddelwedd wael. Mae hunaniaeth iach yn galluogi unigolyn i ryngweithio'n gadarnhaol gydag eraill ac i fod â meddwl uchel o'i hun ac eraill.

      Un enghraifft o hyn fyddai athletwr sy’n cydnabod bod cyd-aelod o’i dîm yn well nag ef, ond sy’n dal i deimlo’n hyderus yn ei allu personol a’i allu i wella dros amser.

      Relationships

      Perthnasoedd

      Watch the films and consider how these relationships would impact on each individual’s self-concept.

      What advice would you give? Discuss with a partner.

      Gwyliwch y ffilmiau ac ystyriwch sut y byddai'r perthnasoedd hyn yn effeithio ar hunangysyniad pob unigolyn.

      Pa gyngor y byddech yn ei roi? Trafodwch gyda phartner.

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      Spot The Signs || Healthy Relationships Spot The Signs || Healthy Relationships