Why some children are likely to be more at risk from harm and abuse

Pam mae rhai plant yn wynebu mwy o risg o niwed a cham-drin

Fear

Abuse and neglect occur for many reasons, and usually there is not one single reason. Some risk factors are common across all types of abuse and neglect, but they do not mean that abuse is certain to occur. If one or more of the problems listed below exists, it does not necessarily mean that a child is being abused or neglected. However, one or more of these factors increases the risk of abuse or neglect.

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Some children are at risk of being abused, e.g. if they:

  • are in care
  • are seeking asylum
  • are living with a parent/carer with problems with drugs or alcohol
  • are experiencing mental health problems
  • are in an abusive relationship domestically
  • are living with a parent/parents/carer/carers with low self-esteem or who are isolated
  • are living with a parent/parents/carer/carers who fear spoiling the child and think punishment is important
  • are living with a parent/parents/carer/carers who fail to control their children
  • are living in poverty, unsuitable housing or in a deprived area
  • with a parent/parents/carer/carers abused or neglected themselves as children
  • have a disability
  • have suffered adverse experiences.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

https://www.aces.me.uk/

These are traumatic experiences which occur before the child turns 18 years old, and are remembered throughout life. They can include:

  • emotional abuse – failing to meet children's emotional needs or harming children through the use of threats or aggressive language. It can also include a child witnessing violent assaults. This can result in a child developing mental health problems, eating disorders or self-harm.
  • sexual abuse – any sexual activity a child is persuaded to be involved in. It does not have to involve physical contact and the child might not realise that it is wrong at the time. This may lead to severe mental health problems and the risk of self-harm.
  • physical abuse – this includes anything that impairs the physical safety of a child. Children who are physically abused may not do well in school and may develop drug and alcohol problems. They may also suffer from mental health problems.
  • domestic violence – a continuous pattern of abusive or controlling behaviour. It includes physical, sexual, emotional and financial abuse. Children who experience domestic abuse are more likely to become involved in abusive relationships in adulthood.
  • neglect – habitual failure to meet the needs of a child. Children who experience neglect are more likely to offend and suffer from alcohol or drug problems.

People who have suffered adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) often try to bring up their own children in homes where adverse experiences (ACEs) are more common. Children brought up in environments where violence, assaults and abuse are commonplace are more likely to develop such characteristics themselves. The behaviour is considered normal, which means the children are more likely to commit violent crimes and/or be victims of such acts in adulthood. There is a strong correlation between adverse childhood experiences and being open to harm. This can involve substance misuse, teenage pregnancies, mental illness and physical health problems. This means that the children of parents/carers who have been affected by ACEs are at an increased risk of subjecting their own children to adverse experiences.

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Mae camdriniaeth ac esgeulustod yn digwydd am lawer o resymau, ac fel arfer nid oes un rheswm unigol. Mae rhai ffactorau risg yn gyffredin ar draws pob math o gamdriniaeth ac esgeulustod, ond nid ydynt yn golygu y bydd cam-drin yn sicr o ddigwydd. Os oes un neu fwy o'r problemau isod yn bodoli, nid yw'n golygu, o reidrwydd, y caiff plentyn ei gam-drin neu ei esgeuluso. Fodd bynnag, mae un neu fwy o'r ffactorau hyn yn cynyddu'r risg o gamdriniaeth neu esgeulustod.

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Mae rhai plant mewn mwy o berygl o gael eu cam-drin, e.e. os ydyn nhw:

  • mewn gofal
  • yn ceisio lloches
  • yn byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr sydd â phroblemau gyda chyffuriau neu alcohol
  • yn dioddef o broblemau iechyd meddwl
  • mewn perthynas gamdriniol yn ddomestig
  • yn byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr gyda hunan-barch isel neu sy’n ynysig
  • yn byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr sy’n ofn difetha’r plentyn a chredu bod cosbi’n bwysig
  • yn byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr sy’n methu â rheoli eu plant
  • yn byw mewn tlodi, tai anaddas neu ardal ddifreintiedig
  • â rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr a gafodd eu cam-drin neu eu hesgeuluso eu hunain yn blant
  • ag anabledd
  • wedi dioddef profiadau andwyol.

Profiadau Niweidiol mewn Plentyndod (Adverse Childhood Experiences - ACEs)

http://www.aces.me.uk/cymraeg/

Profiadau trawmatig sy’n digwydd cyn 18 oed ac yn cael eu cofio gydol oes. Gall y rhain gynnwys:

  • camdriniaeth emosiynol - methu ag ateb anghenion emosiynol plant neu niweidio plant drwy fygwth a/neu defnyddio iaith ymosodol. Gall hefyd gynnwys plentyn yn gweld ymosodiadau treisgar. Gall hyn arwain at blentyn sy'n datblygu problemau iechyd meddwl, anhwylderau bwyta neu hunan-niweidio.
  • camdriniaeth rywiol - unrhyw weithgarwch rhywiol y mae plentyn yn cael ei berswadio i gymryd rhan ynddi. Nid oes rhaid iddo gynnwys cyswllt corfforol ac efallai na fydd y plentyn yn sylweddoli ei fod yn anghywir ar y pryd. Gall hyn arwain at broblemau iechyd meddwl difrifol a'r risg o hunan-niweidio.
  • camdriniaeth corfforol - mae hyn yn cynnwys unrhyw beth sy’n niweidio plentyn yn gorfforol. Efallai na fydd plant sy'n cael eu cam-drin yn gorfforol yn gwneud yn dda yn yr ysgol a gallant ddatblygu problemau cyffuriau ac alcohol. Gallant hefyd ddioddef problemau iechyd meddwl.
  • trais yn y cartref - patrwm parhaus o ymddygiad sy’n cam-drin neu reoli person arall. Mae’n cynnwys camdriniaeth corfforol, rhywiol, emosiynol ac ariannol. Mae plant sy'n profi camdriniaeth ddomestig yn fwy tebygol o fod yn rhan o berthynas gamdriniol pan yn oedolyn.
  • esgeulustod - methiant cyson i gwrdd ag anghenion plentyn. Mae plant sy'n profi esgeulustod yn fwy tebygol o gymryd rhan mewn trosedd, a dioddef o broblemau alcohol neu gyffuriau.

Mae pobl sydd wedi cael profiadau andwyol yn ystod plentyndod (ACEs) yn aml yn ceisio magu eu plant eu hunain mewn cartrefi lle mae profiadau andwyol (ACEs) yn fwy cyffredin. Mae plant sy’n cael eu magu mewn amgylcheddau lle mae trais, ymosodiadau a cham-drin yn gyffredin yn fwy tebygol o ddatblygu nodweddion o’r fath eu hunain. Caiff yr ymddygiad ei ystyried yn normal, sy’n golygu bod y plant yn fwy tebygol o gyflawni troseddau treisgar a/neu ddioddef gweithredoedd o’r fath pan yn oedolion. Mae cysylltiad cryf rhwng profiadau andwyol mewn plentyndod a bod yn agored i niwed. Gall hyn gynnwys defnyddio sylweddau, beichiogi yn yr arddegau, salwch meddwl a phroblemau iechyd corfforol. Mae hyn yn golygu bod plant y rheini sydd wedi cael eu heffeithio gan ACEs mewn perygl cynyddol o gyflwyno eu plant eu hunain i brofiadau andwyol.

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Why some children are likely to be more at risk from harm and abuse

Use the thought shower to note as many reasons you can think of why some children are more at risk of being abused.

Pam mae rhai plant yn wynebu mwy o risg o niwed a cham-drin.

Defnyddiwch y gawod syniadau i nodi cymaint ag y gallwch o resymau pam mae rhai plant yn fwy tebygol o gael eu cam-drin.

Which children are more at risk of being abused? Pa blant sydd mewn mwy o berygl o gael eu cam-drin?

Possible responses

  • children in care
  • child asylum seekers
  • children living with parents/carers with drug or alcohol problems
  • children who suffer from mental health problems
  • children who are in an abusive relationship domestically
  • children who are living with a parent/parents/carer/carers with low self-esteem or who are isolated
  • children who are living with a parent/parents/carer/carers who fear spoiling the child and think punishment is important
  • children living in poverty, unsuitable housing or in a deprived area
  • children whose parent/parents/carer/carers were abused or neglected themselves as children
  • children with a disability
  • children who have suffered adverse experiences.

Ymatebion posib

  • plant mewn gofal
  • plant sy’n ceisio lloches
  • plant sy’n byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr sydd â phroblemau gyda chyffuriau neu alcohol
  • plant sy’n dioddef o broblemau iechyd meddwl
  • plant sydd mewn perthynas gamdriniol yn ddomestig
  • plant sy’n byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr gyda hunan-barch isel neu sy’n ynysig
  • plant sy’n byw gyda rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr sy’n ofn difetha’r plentyn a chredu bod cosbi’n bwysig
  • plant sy’n byw mewn tlodi, tai anaddas neu ardal ddifreintiedig
  • plant sydd â rhiant/gofalwr/rhieni/gofalwyr a gafodd eu cam-drin neu eu hesgeuluso eu hunain yn blant
  • plant ag anabledd
  • plant sydd wedi cael profiadau andwyol.

Why some children are likely to be more at risk from harm and abuse.

Answer the following questions.

Pam mae rhai plant yn wynebu mwy o risg o niwed a cham-drin.

Atebwch y cwestiynau canlynol.

QuestionCwestiwn Your ResponseEich Ymateb Possible ResponseYmateb Posib

Possible Response:

Ymateb Posib: